National Geographic Magazine back issues 1997-1999

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 1997 - 1999

January 1997

The Imperiled Nile Delta (As the Mediterranean Sea encroaches and the Egyptian population grows, what’s to become of the fertile lands at the mouth of the ancient river?)

Peruvian Mummies Revisited (Sharp eyes of science probe the Mummies of Peru ) (An Inca maiden, sacrificed on an Andean peak five centuries ago, reveals more secrets.)

Tree Giants of North America: Climbing an Ecological Frontier (Suspended hundreds of feet above the ground, scientists investigate the temperate rain forest canopies of the Pacific Northwest .)

Joseph Rock (1922-1935): Our Man in China (Explorer and journalist Joseph Rock brought China to life for Geographic readers in the 1920s and ‘30s.)

Beneath the Tasman Sea (The plankton-rich waters off Australia ’s island state host rare and splendid creatures.)

Field Notes (The Society’s Committee for Research and Exploration helped fund 200 field projects last year.)

Sri Lanka (A nation of azure skies and emerald forests in the Indian Ocean is turning crimson from bloody civil conflict.

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February 1997

Sons of Genghis Khan: The Great Khans (Heirs of the great Mongol warrior set out to conquer the world and nearly succeeded, forging the largest land empire in history.)

An Arctic Breakthrough (Scientists are evaluating secret polar data, newly released by the U.S. and Russia in a farsighted act of bilateral cooperation.)

Lichens: More Than Meets the Eye (Among the world’s oldest organisms, lichens provide food, medicine, rainbow-hued dyes, and even monitor air quality.)

The Dawn of Humans: The First Steps (A wealth of fossil finds in Africa draws us closer to answers about when, where, and why our earliest ancestors first stood upright. Double Map Supplement: The Dawn of Humans)

Siberian Tigers (Russian and American researchers join forces to try to save the world’s biggest cat.)

Under New York (An incredible maze of water mains, transit tunnels, sewer pipes, and power cables girds the core of the Big Apple.)

Double Map Supplement: The Dawn of Humans is included.

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March 1997

Boom Times on the Gold Coast of China (Cities on the Pearl River Delta are booming, thanks to free enterprise and the pending reunion with Hong Kong and Macau.)

Hong Kong: Countdown to China (Time’s up! On July 1 Great Britain relinquishes its Asian colony to China .)

Moths Come to Light (Some 140,000 species of moths display an astonishing variety of disguises and survival techniques.)

Our National Forests: Into the line of fire (Federal woodlands have become recreation destinations – and battlefields over multiple use.)

The Magic of Paper (One of civilization’s most precious innovations has recorded and helped shape the way we live.)

Kaliningrad : Coping with a German past and a Russian future (Wrested from Germany in World War II , Russia ’s ice-free Baltic port tries capitalism.)

Bearded Seals: Going With The Floe (The first detailed study of these Pinnipeds in their Arctic .

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April 1997

Time Exposures: The Hubble Telescope Views The Universe From Space (Astronomy’s unmatched eye records the fringes of the universe from earth orbit.)

Traveling Australia ’s Dog Fence (Stretching across the outback, the 3,300-mile barrier protects sheep from dingoes – but poses ecological dilemmas.)

Borneo ’s Strangler Fig Trees (These tropical giants often kill their hosts, but their fruit sustains myriad island animals.)

The Yellowstone: The Last Best River (Tumbling out of Yellowstone National Park , one of the West’s last undimmed rivers carves a fantastic landscape on its way to meet the Missouri .)

Moscow : The New Revolution (Free enterprise is changing the complexion of Russian’s cosmopolitan capital.)

Oil on Ice: Economic boon, environmental disruption – Alaska weighs the problem (After 20 years Alaska ’s North Slope gusher is slowing down, and the industry has its eye on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.)

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May 1997

India : Fifty Years of Independence (Home to nearly a billion people, Asia’s giant democracy struggles to fulfill the dream born with its freedom from Britain 50 years ago.)

Iceland ’s Trial by Fire (A volcanic eruption ripped open the island-nation’s largest glacier, unleashing the worst flood in 60 years.)

La Salle’s Last Voyage (In 1686 the Belle ran aground off Texas , ending a French explorer’s quest to reach the Mississippi by sea. Now the wreck surrenders its secrets.)

The Dawn of Humans: Expanding Worlds (Fleet-footed and skilled at tool-making, Homo erectus was probably the first member of our human family to venture out of Africa .)

Hunting the Mighty Python (Gbaya men in central Cameroon stalk the huge snakes for meat and skin by crawling into their burrows and hauling them out bare-handed.)

A Wild Ride: Biking across the Alaska Range (After 775 bone-rattling miles of glaciers and gravel bars, a trio looks back at an awesome mountain-biking adventure.)

Double Map Supplement: SOUTH ASIA with AFGHANISTAN and MYANMAR (Side 1) / INDIA (Side 2), Size 20 5/8 x 23 Inches.

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June 1997

French Polynesia: Charting a New Course ( France ’s restless South Pacific paradise grapples with modernization as it fights for its identity.)

Black Pearls of French Polynesia (Crystalline lagoons of the Tuamotu Archipelago provide a home for unique South Seas Trove.)

Restoring Old Ironsides (In July the U.S.S. Constitution is scheduled to set sail from Boston for the first time in 116 years.)

Cats: Nature’s Masterwork (From tiger to tabby, these marvels of design are all the same under the skin.)

The Human-Cat Connection: The Family Line (Researchers mapping feline DNA find intriguing genetic similarities to humans.)

Okinawa: Claiming its birthright ( Japan ’s southern outpost has hosted the U.S. military for five decades. Some argue that’s long enough.)

Special Places: Hemingway’s Many Hearted Fox River (Hemingway’s storied trout stream wends its way through the woods and bogs of northern Michigan .)

In Focus: Central Africa ’s Cycle of Violence (Forty years of violence between Hutu and Tutsi has scarred the core of a continent.)

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July 1997

Roman Empire (Ruthless in conquest but tolerant in victory, the ancient Romans forged a vast empire that lasted more than a thousand years. In the first of two articles we trace its rise and fall.)

Sumo (Cloaked in ritual, explosive bouts between titanic wrestlers reveal much about Japanese history and culture.)

Montserrat: Under the Volcano (For two years residents of this tiny Caribbean island have lived with a smoldering, belching menace.)

Robot Revolution (Smaller and smarter than ever, robotic machines have moved beyond the factory floor to transform human work, entertainment, and exploration.)

The Dawn of Humans: The First Europeans (Pushing Europe ’s prehistory back to a million years ago, scientists are finding startlingly early human remains. Our ancestors? Or their mysterious precursors?)

The Grand Managed Canyon ( Glen Canyon Dam has long harnessed the mighty Colorado , but environmentalists, biologists, and river runners still contest the benefits.)

Double Map Supplement: The Roman Empire

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August 1997

Islands at the Edge (Shifting slivers of sand, the barrier islands that protect the Atlantic and Gulf coasts lure beach lovers into a losing battle with nature.)

A New Light in the Sea ( Red Sea corals explode with fluorescent colors under the glow of ultraviolet light.)

The Frozen Face of Thalay Sagar (No one has reached the summit of this 22,650-foot Himalayan peak by its north face. Two American climbers find out why.)

Roman Legacy (Fifteen centuries after the fall of Rome the empire’s influence still pervades our culture in law, language, architecture, and government.)

A Special Place : Oregon ’s Outback (In the state’s rugged southeast corner the wind is a constant companion, and water is as rare as a neighbor.)

Malaysia : Rising Star (After 40 years of independence this Southeast Asian nation has achieved peace and plenty, at a cost.)

Malaysia ’s Secret Realm (Mists wreathe Sabah on the northern tip of Borneo , where virgin rain forest shelters fragile treasures.)

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September 1997

China ’s Three Gorges: Before the Flood (The world’s mightiest dam is rising on the Yangtze River . Gains: electric power and flood control. Losses: wild canyons and hundreds of thousands of homes.)

Route 66: Romancing the Road (Rattling through Arizona , this remnant of a historic highway returns travelers to two-lane America and the auto’s golden age.)

Racing with the Wind (Competitors from three nations last winter attempted the first nonstop girdling of the globe by balloon.)

A Dream Called Nunavut (In 1999 Canada ’s Inuit will land their greatest catch – 770,000 square miles to call their own. Double Map Supplement: Canadian North.)

The Dawn of Humans: Tracking the First of Our Kind (Around 117,000 years ago in southern Africa an early member of our species left footprints in a sand dune. Could it have been the “Eve” some scientists are seeking?)

Beirut Rising (A war-torn ruin after 15 years of civil strife, Lebanon ’s capital is rebuilding itself physically and socially.)

The Siren Song of Everest (Amateurs crowd the perilous slopes of earth’s highest mountain, seeking the adventure of a lifetime.)

Double Map Supplement: Canadian North

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October 1997

Down the Zambezi (Life flows at the pace of a dugout canoe along this great river in the heart of Africa, blessed with fertile land, abundant wildlife, and the glory of Victoria Falls.)

Americana : County Fairs ( America ’s come-one, come-all celebrations have long knit communities out of scattered farm families. Now they do the same for city folk and suburbanites.)

The Promise of Pakistan (Fifty years after independence the Asian nation founded as a Muslim homeland works to bolster its economy and confront it social ills.)

Parasites: Looking for a Free Lunch (Most of earth’s creatures are freeloaders, and those that aren’t are playing host. From the protozoans that cause malaria to the mites living on your skin, parasites range from deadly to benign.)

The Most Ancient Americans (Shattering assumptions, a well-preserved site at Monte Verde, Chile, yields proof that humans arrived in the Western Hemisphere more than 12,000 years ago.)

Vincent Van Gogh: Lullaby in Color (During the ten years before his death, the artist unleashed a passion for color that defines his paintings and marks him as a genius of unsurpassed vision.)

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November 1997

Aging: New Answers to Old Questions (In the face of an exploding elderly population, scientists study how and why humans age, and seek the secrets of longer, healthier lives.)

Wilderness Rafting Siberian Style (A fearless Siberian team takes handmade equipment to the edge on the raging Oygaing River in Uzbekistan .)

Quebec ’s Quandary (After a troubled 130-year marriage to English-speaking Canada , the French-speaking province is weighing the pros and cons of calling it quits.)

Flies that Fight (Flies with spreading antlers that battle like miniature elk for mates? Take a ringside seat for the rain forest brawl.)

Portrait of a Hutsul Village (In the seclusion of Ukraine’s Carpathian Mountains, the Hutsul people are regaining ancestral lands and reviving cherished traditions suppressed by the former Soviet Union.)

A Special Place : North Woods Journal (Deep in the Minnesota wilderness, where pine trees claw the surface of dark lakes, a native son records his habitat in a personal journey of discovery.)

Mustang: Nepal ’s Forgotten Corner (Long isolated by topography and regional politics, the picturesque realm of Mustang is now open to the outside world.)

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December 1997

Making Room for Wild Tigers (Perilous but not hopeless, the future of the world’s few thousand wild tigers hinges on providing them land, prey, and protection.)

Sita: Life of a Wild Tigress (No female wild tiger has produced more documented litters than Sita, who has boosted the tiger population in the Indian national park she calls home.)

Australia by Bike: A Bloody Long Way Home (Wandering down under on two wheels brings an American journalist face-to-face with his adopted country.)

The Royal Crypts of Copan (Hidden for more than 1,500 years beneath the ruins of an ancient city in Honduras, the death house of an illustrious Maya ruler dazzles archaeologists with is regal cache.)

The Age of Comets (Cosmic visitors, with tails stretching across the heavens, bear remnants of the early solar system.)

Scaling the Dragon’s Spires of Vietnam ’s Ha Long Bay (Drawn by natural arches and sheer cliffs, sport climbers tackle the Ha Long Bay islands of Vietnam .)

Uncovering Patagonia’s Lost World (Digging up one surprising fossil after another, paleontologists are rethinking the evolution of dinosaurs in South America .)

Double Map Supplement: Ancient Mesoamerica

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January 1998

Making Sense of the Millennium (As the year 2000 approaches and global mania builds, we step back to consider six areas critical to future generations in this introduction to a two-year series.)

Blackpool , England (Braving chill waters and rambunctious crowds, Britons for decades have enjoyed the gaudy pleasures of this improbably seaside resort.)

Polar Bears: Stalkers of the High Arctic (Scientists follow the sea bear into the Arctic vastness, puzzling out how it hunts, breeds, and keeps from freezing to death.)

A Special Place : The Easy Ways of the Altamaha (Gnarled cypresses dot the marshes where herons stalk and gators laze and Georgians savor the tranquility of their timeless river.)

Labors of Love (The National Geographic Society’s Committee for Research and Exploration included Maya villagers among more than 200 grantees funded in 1997.)

The Netherlands : Ode to Ice (When a hard freeze transforms the Dutch landscape, canals sing with the music of skates.)

Amelia Earhart (The world’s most famous aviatrix vanished over the Pacific in 1937. Amelia Earhart’s untimely death helped assure that her pioneering achievements in the cockpit would not be forgotten.)

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February 1998

Exploration: Where Do We Go Next?

Revolutions in Mapping (Computers and satellites allow today’s mapmakers to chart the heavens, guide a missile, or help a farmer increase crop yield, with data that can be updated instantly.)

The Millennium Series: Why Explore? (Pathfinders discuss what it means to be an explorer of earth, sea, and space at the dawn of the 21st century.)

Queen Maud Land: On the Edge of Antarctica (On the edge of Antarctica a six-man team climbs mountains never before scaled.)

Jacques-Yves Cousteau: Master of the Deep (1910-1997), by Luis Marden (Co-inventor of the Aqua-Long, the captain of the Calypso pioneered a new era of underwater exploration and awareness of the threat of pollution to the world’s oceans.)

Brides of the Sahara (Festive trappings pattern the days of a Tuareg marriage ceremony in Niger .)

Remember the Maine ? (Soon after the U.S.S. Maine exploded and sank in Havana harbor in 1898, questions arose: accident or mine? Despite new information the mystery of the blast remains.)

Over the Top: Australia by Bike, Part Two (To reach Perth from Darwin, head southwest into the burning wind and pedal, mate – for 3,000 miles.)

Millennium Supplement: Exploration

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March 1998

Blue Refuges: U.S. National Marine Sanctuaries (Charged with protecting U.S. ocean treasures, 12 national marine sanctuaries encompass 18,000 square miles of coral reefs, elephant seal rookeries, kelp forests, and whale feeding grounds.)

Naples Unabashed (A city schooled in passion, chaos, and the art of making do, the Italian metropolis embraces its virtues and grapples with its problems, without apology.)

The Rise of Life on Earth (Microscopic life-forms, our planet’s pioneer inhabitants, bequeathed the oxygen we breathe, the DNA and proteins that drive our cells, and the photosynthesis that feeds us.)

America ’s First Highway (The National Road, part of today’s U.S. Route 40, was built between 1811 and 1838 to connect the port of Baltimore to the Mississippi.)

Planet of the Beetles (From humble ladybugs to brilliant scarabs, beetles both help and bedevil us. A third of the world’s identified insects are beetles, and they are everywhere.)

Nenets: Surviving on the Siberian Tundra (Having endured the communist collectivization of their reindeer herds, these nomads now face capitalist development of the huge gas fields underlying their pasturelands.)

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April 1998

The Orinoco: Into the Heart of Venezuela (The bewitching song of El Dorado – fabled fountainhead of gold – still echoes along Venezuela’s longest river as it flows past rain forest villages, cattle ranches, and natural caches of mineral wealth.)

High-Tech Search For Roman Shipwrecks (Probing the depths of the Mediterranean Sea, a nuclear submarine locates the remains of trading vessels that sank west of Sicily 2,000 years ago.)

Australia by Bike, Part Three: Closing the Circle (Surviving a self-imposed ordeal of 10,000 wind-blasted miles, an American journalist completes a circuit of this adopted country and finds himself in a different place.)

Testing the Waters of Rongelap (This Pacific atoll, heavily contaminated by radioactivity during a 1954 nuclear bomb test, remains off-limits for human habitation, yet in its waters life abounds.)

Ozarks Harmony (Rich in natural beauty and native pride, the hills that straddle Arkansas and Missouri now host an influx of newcomers whose ways sometimes strain a staunchly independent culture.)

The Rise of Life on Earth: Life Grows Up (Bizarre organisms filled the seas more than half a billion years ago, foreshadowing the rise of more complex creatures. Their fossils are rewriting the history of life on Earth.)

The Vanishing Prairie Dog (Shoot them or save them? Opinions on prairie dogs divide the American West. What’s clear is that these rodents are disappearing, along with their entire ecosystem.)

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May 1998

Millennium Series 2: Physical World: How Will the Planet Change? (In our continuing coverage of the issues facing us as the millennium nears, we examine an Earth in constant motion. Millennium Supplement: Physical World.)

The Millennium Series: Cascadia: Living on Fire (An earthquake and tsunami of cataclysmic scale struck the Pacific Northwest in A.D. 1700. The subterranean forces at work that day will rage again, unsettling news for a burgeoning region.)

The Millennium Series: Unlocking the Climate Puzzle (Earth warms and cools in natural cycles over the eons, scientists say, but we may be altering the rhythm with our dependence of fossil fuels.)

Return of the Gray Wolf (Three years into a controversial project to reestablish the predator in the lower 48 states, Canis lupus is well on its way to recovery. Not everyone is cheering.)

Prince Edward Island: A World Apart No More (A pastoral realm of patchwork farms and sweeping Atlantic vistas, Canada’s smallest province braces for the changes brought by a new eight-mile bridge to the mainland.)

The Whitbread: Race into Danger (Violent seas of the southern Indian Ocean make for a wild ride for nine sloops wailing one of the roughest legs of an eight-month round-the-world race.)

Millennium Supplement: Physical World

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June 1998

Russian’s Iron Road (Stretching 5,770 miles from Moscow to Vladivostok, the Trans-Siberian Railroad, the world’s longest, links a land still adjusting to the end of the Soviet era.)

The Elusive Quetzal (The iridescent bird revered by ancient Mesoamericans has become a rare sight as its habitat falls to human encroachment.)

Orkney: Ancient North Sea Haven (Verdant gems on a violent sea, these Scottish isles reflect pride in a Viking past.)

Americana: Fast Times in Stock Car Country (From small-town dirt tracks to sleek NASCAR raceways like Daytona, stock car racing has accelerated into America’s fastest growing spectator sport.)

Golden Harvest of the Raji (Honey hunters in southern Nepal trace floral trails to lofty hives. But life among the Raji is no stroll down a garden path.)

Deep Mysteries of Kaikoura Canyon (Does the legendary giant squid lurk in this mile-deep ravine off New Zealand ? Sperm whales bearing scars of huge thrashing tentacles suggest so.)

A Special Place : Adirondack High ( New York State ’s blue-water lakes and fir-clad mountains promise peace of mind – despite periodic spats between conservationists and eager developers.)

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July 1998

Living with Natural Hazards (Ice storms, tornadoes, floods, wildfires – all exact a high price, yet more and more people are living where such disasters are most likely to strike. Double Map Supplement: Natural Hazards of North America .)

Lure of the Frogfish (Thriving in warm water around the globe, the frogfish can change color, walk on its fins, and attract prey with wormlike “bait’ that dangles from a spine on its head.)

Civilized Denmark (A clean and prosperous land with virtually no crime or poverty, the smallest country in Scandinavia is, according to an American humorist, “the World’s Most Nearly Perfect Nation” – except in winter.)

Dinosaurs Take Wing (New fossil discoveries from China reveal astonishing feathered creatures that lived more than 120 million years ago and appear to confirm what scientists have long theorized: Birds are dinosaurs.)

The Untamed Yukon River (A century ago tens of thousands of prospectors rafted its length dreaming of gold. Today North America ’s fifth largest river yields a mother lode of empty space to dreamers with an itch for challenge and elbowroom.)

Research Update: New Inca Mummies (High in the Peruvian Andes archaeologists have uncovered the remains of four more human sacrifices, adding new insights into the complex spiritual life on an ancient people.)

Double Map Supplement: Natural Hazards of North America

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August 1998

Mars and Titanic in 3-D: Glasses Inside (1 set of glasses is included with this magazine, Very Good Condition.)

Return to Mars (3-D) (Twenty-one years after NASA landed its first emissary on the red planet, Pathfinder touched down on July 4, 1997, and recorded imaged and data that astounded the world.)

Orangutans in the Wild (Backbreaking fieldwork and meticulous attention to scientific detail bring a deeper understanding of the elusive red apes of the Borneo rain forest.<)

New York ’s Chinatown (As immigration to New York surges, this vibrant Manhattan neighborhood provides Chinese newcomers a familiar setting in which to build their American dream.)

Bottlenose Whales: Pioneering research tracks deep divers of the North Atlantic (At home in pitch-dark depths lethal to most marine mammals, these cetaceans may be the deepest divers of all.)

The Dawn of Humans: Redrawing Our Family Tree? ( South Africa yields fossil evidence that challenges old assumptions about humankind’s beginnings.)

Indonesia’s Plague of Fire (Unchecked fires smolder throughout the rain forests of Sumatra and Borneo, spawning respiratory illness, traffic accidents, and food shortages across Southeast Asia.)

Titanic: Tragedy in Three Dimensions (3-D) (Computer-aided editing transforms scenes from a diver’s video into extraordinary still lifes of the somber wreck lying 12,500 feet below the surface.)

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September 1998

Valley of the Kings (In a narrow valley near Luxor Egyptologists are excavating a royal tomb of unprecedented size, revealing new details of the lives of the pharaohs 3,000 years ago.)

A New Day for Romania (With the execution of dictator Nicolae Ceausescu on Christmas Day, 1989, Romania threw off repressive communist rule. Now the nation struggles to find its place in a free-market, democratic Europe .)

Greenland Sharks (Lurking beneath the Arctic ice, huge sharks consume seals and other large prey as if they were mere morsels. For the first time these sluggish, nearly blind creatures are photographed in their frigid habitat.)

A Special Place: Vermont: Suite of Seasons (Ever changing, ever the same, a far corner of the Green Mountain State known as the Northeast Kingdom qualifies as a special place to a longtime resident.)

Catherine the Great (Overthrowing her husband, Peter III, a German princess became Empress of Russia in 1762 and embarked on a 34-year campaign of empire building.)

Searching the Depths of Borneo’s White Mountain (Riddled with networks of unexplored caves, 3,161-foot Gunung Buda harbors a wealth of plant and animal species in its depths and on its rain-forested slopes.)

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October 1998

Millennium Series 3: Population: One in six billion (More people means more demands – for space, nourishment, security, opportunity. Can the needs of all be met? Millennium Supplement: Population.)

The Millennium Series: Human Migration (We are constantly on the move, from countryside to city and nation to nation, driven by ambition, political upheaval, and natural disasters.)

The Millennium Series: Women and Population (Birthrates fall and hopes rise as women gain access to education and health care.)

The Millennium Series: Feeding the Planet (So far, global food production has kept pace with a burgeoning population. Maintaining that balance and finding ways to share Earth’s bounty are critical challenges.)

Lewis and Clark: Naturalist-Explorers (Enthralled by “Barking Squirrels” and unimagined vistas, these naturalist-explorers emerged from the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase in 1806 with a valuable treasure: a detailed account of the land and creatures of the Rockies and beyond.)

Perfume, the Essence of Illusion (Orchestrating the fragrances of nature – and their chemical counterparts – master perfumers create a commodity no one needs but almost everyone wants. The multibillion-dollar scent industry is smelling like a rose.)

Timeless Valleys of the Antarctic Desert (Scientists studying an ice-free enclave known as the Dry Valleys discover microscopic organisms living inside frozen rocks and minuscule worms that survive freeze-dried for decades.)

Millennium Supplement: Population

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November 1998

Wilderness: America ’s Lands Apart (Early settlers saw the continent’s forested wildlands as a fearful challenge. Today people seek nature to recharge their urbanized souls. Nearly 5 percent of U.S. land has been designated wilderness, but how it is used and managed is far from settled.)

A Comeback for the Cossacks (Armed with memories of bygone glory, a centuries-old warrior caste crusades for order and discipline in tumultuous modern Russia .)

Maui Surf: In the Teeth of Jaws (A dozen times a year Pacific storms and the underwater topography of Maui ’s north shore combine to create monster waves called jaws. Only a handful of surfers even try to ride the Hawaiian behemoths.)

Zanzibar ’s Endangered Red Colobus Monkeys (Deforestation and low reproductive rate could spell the end for tree-dwelling monkeys on the increasingly crowded East African island of Zanzibar .)

Shackleton Expedition: Epic of Survival (After pack ice trapped their ship, explorer Ernest Shackleton and his men abandoned their dream of crossing Antarctica on foot and began a 20-month struggle to survive.)

Abusir Tomb: Egyptian Priest’s Undisturbed Burial Discovered (The crypt of an Egyptian priest, hidden deep below the sands and undisturbed for 2,500 years, promises to yield knowledge as valuable as a pharaoh’s treasure.)

Nebraska: Standing Tall Again (Street gangs have sprung up in Omaha, but heartland values hold firm in a land where neighbors are quick to lend a hand.)

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December 1998

South China Sea: Crossroads of Asia (Carrying a third of the world’ shipping, these waters are churned by the competing territorial claims of border nations.)

Dinosaur Embryos: Unscrambling the Past Patagonia (Unearthed from the wind-scoured landscape of Patagonia , exquisitely preserved eggs of plant-eating sauropods yield first ever fossils of embryonic dinosaur skin.)

Barcelona : State of the New Europe (A mixture of common sense and refreshing lunacy has turned this Spanish city into an economic powerhouse and international showcase – a model for a peaceful and prosperous Europe .)

Nunataks: Icebound Islands of Life (On icebound peaks that rise above the glaciers of Canada’s Yukon Territory, flowers and insects flourish, lost migrating birds perish, and furry pikas survive by scavenging the dead.)

Winslow Homer: American Original (Big-spending collectors are snapping up the masterpieces of this American artist whose subjects ran the gamut of national life, from schoolyard games to the Civil War.)

Body Beasts: No Man is an Island . He is an Ecosystem. (You’ve got company – and plenty of it. Mites make their home in your eyelash follicles, bacteria colonize your skin, and fleas and lice drop by for blood meals.)

Petra, Ancient City of Stone (Like smoke from a Bedouin campfire, a haunting sense of antiquity hangs over these immense carved ruins in the Jordanian desert.)

Double Map Supplement: Spain and Portugal

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January 1999

Coral Eden Like teeming cities in the sea, coral reefs rival raw forests in diversity of life, and nowhere are they more spectacular than in the tropical western Pacific.

Coral in Peril The world's coral reefs touch our lives in many ways, yet an alarming number off them have been degraded or destroyed.

Lawrence of Arabia Leading a personal crusade for Arab Independence, this Oxford scholar-turned-warrior altered the course of history and was lionized as the "uncrowned King of Arabia"

Tracking the Anaconda Researchers engaged in the first ever field study of the world's largest snake, the green anaconda, investigate "Breeding balls" to learn how these South American serpents reproduce.

Hitting the Wall Climbers inch up 2,400 feet of sheer stone. to tile summit of Great Sail Peak on Canada ’s ice-glazed Baffin Island .

Research Committee From dinosaur embryos to the dance language of bees, the NGS Committee for Research and Exploration enhanced our view of the world with more than 250 grants in 1998.

Ravens Revered as omens, reviled as destructive pests, these giant black songbirds exhibit an impressive variety of complex behaviors.

Popocatepetl in the shadow of an awakened volcano, Mexican Government officials prepare to evacuate threatened villages, while residents cling to their land despite occasional eruptions of ash and rock.

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February 1999

Millennium Series 4: Biodiversity: Taking Stock of Life (Hosting an astonishing array of living things, our hospitable planet is becoming less so for many species. An introduction to this special issue. Millennium Supplement: Biodiversity.)

The Variety of Life (Species too numerous to count are disappearing too quickly to record. From Central America to Asia , five articles take you to the font lines of the fight to save Earth’s biological treasures.)

Wilderness Headcount

The Sixth Extinction

Restoring Madagascar

In Search of Solutions

Under Antarctic Ice (Diving beneath a stark, frozen desert, ocean explorers discover a world of startling color, clarity, and life.)

Forest Elephants (In a remote clearing in the Central African Republic, biologist Andrea Turkalo observes the lives of endangered animals that until recently were only glimpsed through the trees.)

Diatoms: Plants with a Touch of Glass (Under a high-powered microscope the silica shells of single-celled algae are revealed in all their manifold beauty.)

Ants and Plants: A Profitable Partnership (In nutrient-poor forests ants and plants have evolved to meet each other’s needs. Rare photographs from Borneo show the only known swimming ants helping their hosts – pitcher plants – digest other insects.)

Millennium Supplement: Biodiversity

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March 1999

Journey to the Heart of the Sahara (Through a land ravaged by war, poverty, and the relentless desert sun, two men travel 4,000 miles in a modern-day caravan in search of an ancient way of life.)

Riding the Wind: Photographing the Sahara from Aloft (Taking to the sky with a paraglider, a motorized backpack, and three gallons of gas, a daring photographer gains an extraordinary perspective on the desert.)

Unlocking the Labyrinth of North Florida Springs (Cave divers probe the dark depths of these natural fountains to puzzle out the intricacies of Florida ’s flooded basement.)

The Russian Realm of Steller’s Sea–Eagles (These powerful raptors build nests as big as king-size beds and feast on rich salmon runs in Russia’s Far East.)

El Nino/La Nina: Nature’s Vicious Cycle (Improved warning systems have reduced the destruction, but the periodic warming and cooling of Pacific waters continue to blast the globe with deadly storms.)

In the Wake of the Spill: Ten Years After Exxon Valdez (Ten years after the Exxon Valdez fouled 1,300 miles of Alaska coastline, the oil spill’s impact on wildlife, and human lives, is still being calculated.)

Swamp Thing: Unmasking the Snapping Turtle (Often the hunted and not the hunter, these surprisingly graceful denizens of ponds and streams can live more than a hundred years and weigh in at 200 pounds.)

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April 1999

Galapagos: Paradise in Peril (Tourism, development, and abnormal weather threaten the unique island ecosystem that inspired Darwin ’s theory of natural selection.)

Galapagos Underwater (In the grip of El Nino the normally cold, rich seas that support a bountiful food chain warmed, with dire consequences to penguins, iguanas, and sea lions.)

Traveling the Blues Highway (One of the largest internal migrations in U.S. history took place this century as black Americans left the South in search of social and economic equality, carrying with them the soulful music known as the blues.)

Journey to the Copper Age (Archaeologist retrace a copper-trading route used 6,500 years ago and unearth discoveries that shed light on the lives of ancient metalworkers in the Middle East .)

Ghosts and Survivors: Return To The Battle of Midway (After crippling the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor , Japan set out to deal it a death blow at Midway. Fifty-six years later former foes relive those harrowing hours as explorer Robert D. Ballard locates the grave of the U.S.S. Yorktown.)

A Special Place : Texas Hill Country (Sit a spell by the cool, spring-fed streams of central Texas and you’ll see why cityfolk are heading for the hills.)

The Pools of Spring (As winter melts away, small ponds begin to dot the fields and woodlands of North America . By mid-spring they teem with salamanders and frogs; by late summer they are gone.)

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May 1999

The Rise and Fall of the Caspian Sea (Five countries now ring the Caspian, where two stood only a decade ago. The Soviet Union ’s breakup left regional economies in tatters; it also spurred the biggest oil rush of the past quarter century.)

Africa ’s Wild Dogs (Dogs? Not really. Wild? Definitely. Only distantly related to any of the world’s other canids, these bush hunters live in sociable packs but suffer a bloodthirsty reputation.)

Pirates of the Whydah (Survivors swore the Whydah was packed with plunder when a nor’easter swamped her off Cape Cod in 1717. Now salvagers searching for the loot have hit archaeological gold: artifacts offering a treasure trove of insights into the lives of pirates.)

The Missouri Breaks (In the river-gouged plains of eastern Montana folks tough as branding irons find community, when they want it.)

Ants and Plants: Friends and Foes (In return for sustenance, ants pollinate and guard plants. But when ants ravage crucial nutrients, plants retaliate. Rarely captured images illustrate relationships both symbiotic and hostile.)

The Rise of Life on Earth: From Fins to Feet (Did ancient fish haul themselves ashore on fins that later became limbs? Probably not, according to new discoveries suggesting that the legs animals use to walk on land originated in the Devonian period for life in the water.)

Double Map Supplement: Caspian sea

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June 1999

Cuba : Evolution in the Revolution ( Cuba ’s revolution ages, perhaps mellows, but keeps its grip on this island nation. Quick as ever to point out their accomplishments under socialism, Cubans now recognize the growing power of the U.S. dollar in their country.)

The Rebirth of Old Havana (Renovation in the heart of Cuba ’s capital city illuminates centuries of architectural splendor.)

A Dinosaur Named Sue (When the prehistoric object of a bitter custody battle sold for 8.36 million dollars, scientists finally began to piece together the skeleton, and saga, of the largest T. rex ever found.)

John Glenn: Man With a Mission (In 1962 John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth. Thirty-six years later, at the age of 77, the senator returned to space to help us understand how the body ages, and to remind us that the spirit never dies.)

Tam Dao: Vietnam’s Sanctuary Under Siege (A refuge for wildlife, and for weekenders from Hanoi, also draws international scientists, who are cataloging the rare and endangered creatures of Vietnam’s new national park even as poachers scoop them up.)

Ancient Art of the Sahara (Intriguing scenes carved in rock shelters and on cliffs survive the elements but fall victim to collectors.)

Deep Soul of the New River (The oldest river on the eastern seaboard flows through the Appalachians with waters calm enough for church baptisms and wild enough for white-water rafters.)

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July 1999

Iran : Testing the Waters of Reform (After two decades under the ayatollahs, many Iranians yearn for greater freedom and less state control. Their champion, President Mohammad Khatami, nudges the country toward more openness but faces a deepening power struggle.)

Mars on Earth (In the battered landscape of an impact crater, scientists in the Canadian Arctic find ideal ground for testing methods to explore the red planet.)

The Shrinking World of Hornbills (From Africa to Melanesia , hunting and habitat loss threaten the survival of regal birds that nest in a way that is all their own.)

The Quest for Color (Battles raged over it, fortunes flowed from it, and songs and legends sprang from it. Today humans still scour the Earth, and the laboratory, for dyes and pigments to interpret and enhance their world.)

Celebrating Canyon Country: Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (The creation of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in southern Utah adds nearly two million acres of unsullied wilderness to the United States ’ cache of protected land.)

Listening to Humpback Whales (In every ocean on Earth humpbacks sing, socialize, and make journeys as long as the sea is wide. Scientists record the songs, chart the travels, and observe the family life of these endangered giants, whose numbers now seem to be increasing.)

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August 1999 -

Millennium Series 5: Global Culture (As old patterns make way for new, our thinking and our ways of life become more urban, more cosmopolitan, less diverse. An introduction to this special issue. Millennium Supplement: Culture.)

A World Together (With Internet use soaring and airfares falling, global exchange of information, products, and ideas has exploded. Will our cultural differences survive?)

Tale of Three Cities: Alexandria , Cordoba , and New York ( Alexandria , Egypt , at the start of the first millennium; Cordoba , Spain , at the beginning of the second; and New York , New York , at the dawn of the third: What do they tell us about cities past, present, and future?)

Vanishing Cultures (Indigenous peoples have become the human equivalent of endangered species. Now many battle to save the things that define them: their lifeway, their language, and their land.)

Italy’s Endangered Art (In a place where Roman coins lie underfoot and Renaissance frescoes adorn countless ceilings, preserving art treasure from natural disasters and the ravages of time requires the effort of an entire nation.)

The Power of Writing (An invention whose impact seems impossible to measure first appeared in Mesopotamia 5,000 years ago. Using systems of writing from Maya glyphs to Chinese calligraphy, humans have chronicled history, lobbied for freedom, and expressed the emotions of the ages.)

MILLENNIUM SUPPLEMENT: CULTURE

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September 1999

Kashmir: Trapped in Conflict ( India , Pakistan , and Kashmiri separatists continue their increasingly dangerous struggle over Himalayan territory that once delighted residents and travelers alike.)

Around At Last!, by Bertrand Piccard (In March of this year, Swiss doctor Bertrand Piccard and British balloon instructor Brian Jones became the first balloonists to circle the globe nonstop. In an exclusive account, Piccard describes their journey.)

Masai Passage to Manhood (In an elaborate, emotional ceremony Africa ’s Masai elevate warriors to the status of elders.)

Olive Oil, Elixir of the Gods (The World is discovering what Mediterranean peoples have known for millennia: The salubrious oil of the olive is an essential ingredient of the good life.)

Preserving the Sahara’s Prehistoric Art (Researchers make a cast of monumental giraffes carved into desert stone 7,000 years ago in Niger .)

Hunting With Eagles In The Mountains of Mongolia (On the high plateau of western Mongolia , ethnic Kazakhs practice a centuries-old tradition.)

Rodeos: Behind the Chutes (Getting bruised and broken more for love than money, cowboys ride broncos, wrestle steers, and otherwise get their kicks at dirt rings across the U.S. and Canada.)

Galileo Mission: In the Court of King Jupiter (NASA’s once troubled Jupiter spacecraft captures astounding images of the king of planets and its intriguing moon.)

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October 1999

Millennium Series Pt 6 (of 6): Science: Asking Infinite Questions (From the matter that makes up the universe to the strands of DNA that make us who we are, scientists are steadily unlocking the secrets of the ages. Millennium Supplement: The Universe.)

Unveiling the Universe (Astronomers claim the universe itself as their laboratory. Their subjects: black holes, exploding stars, and alien worlds that could harbor intelligent life.)

Secrets of the Gene (As scientists race to crack the code of human life, breakthroughs in genetic research are yielding powerful new tools that hold shining promise and raise unsettling questions.)

Valley of the Mummies (Archaeologists at an Egyptian oasis have uncovered a vast burial site containing gilded mummies and stunning artifacts from a world that vanished nearly 1,700 years ago.)

Cuba ’s Colonial Treasure (Rich in 18th century architecture, the small town of Trinidad has been acclaimed a World Heritage site.)

Mystery on Everest: How I Found the Body of Climber George Mallory, Missing for 75 Years, by Conrad Anker (This spring the author found the body of the British mountaineer who disappeared 75 years ago while climbing Mount Everest . Was Mallory the first man to reach the summit?)

The Last Dive (In 1944 the Japanese submarine 1-52 made a fatal attempt to deliver precious cargo-including two tons of gold bound for the Japanese Embassy in Berlin. Three miles deep in the Atlantic , the wreck of the submarine yields a wealth of memories but no gold.)

Millennium Supplement: The Universe

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November 1999

Eyewitness Iraq (Oil-rich Iraq has spent a fortune on war, but the country’s treasure-among the largest petroleum reserves in the world-has brought neither peace nor prosperity for the Iraqi people.)

Tiger Sharks (A feathered feast awaits the big predators in Hawaii when fledgling albatrosses take to sea.)

Frozen in Time: At 22,000 Feet Children of Inca Sacrifice Found (Three 500-year-old mummies unearthed on a 22,000-foot peak in the Andes tell an extraordinary story of Inca worship and child sacrifice.)

Panama ’s Rite of Passage (When the United States hands over the Panama Canal in December, Panama will be without its biggest benefactor and on its own for the first time.)

African Marriage Rituals (Draped in sliver or intricate bead jewelry, brides follow age-old traditions in elaborate wedding ceremonies from Morocco to South Africa .)

Feathers for T. Rex?: New Birdlike Fossils Are Missing Links in Dinosaur Evolution (Spectacular fossil finds from China and Mongolia provide important new links between birds and their dinosaur predecessors.)

After the Deluge: Central America’s Storm of the Century (Already sodden at the end of the rainy season, Central America was ripe for disaster when Hurricane Mitch struck last fall. Survivors recall the Atlantic ’s deadliest tempest in two centuries.)

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December 1999

Cheetahs: Ghosts of the Grasslands (Hunted by ranchers, attacked by lions, and deprived of much of their African and Asian habitat, cheetahs in the wild number perhaps 2,000. Can conservationists move quickly enough to protect the world’s fastest land animal?)

Florida Keys: Paradise with Attitude (Paying the price of popularity, this South Florida island chain faces escalating real estate costs and degradation of the only living barrier reef in the continental U.S. But that hasn’t stopped the party.)

Heroes of the Heroic Age: Ancient Greece Part I (Echoes of Homer’s epic poem the Iliad emerge from Bronze Age sites around the Aegean Sea in the first of three articles about this legendary civilization.)

Geographic Century: Expanding Human Vision (As the Society pushed the technological boundaries of photography, its staid research journal was transformed by arresting images of our world.)

Guardians of the Fairy Tales: The Brothers Grimm (Snow White, Rumpelstiltskin, Little Red Riding Hood: The fairy-tale characters that have entered world culture came alive on paper in the early 1800s when Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm collected oral tales in their German homeland.)

Survey 2000: Charting Communities and Change (More than 80,000 people from 178 countries and territories logged on to National Geographic’s website to take our sociological survey. What they had to say may surprise you.)

Double Map Supplement: Ancient Greece

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