National Geographic Magazine back issues 1990-1999

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINES 1990 –1996

National Geographic - December 1996, Vol. 190, No. 6

Double Map Supplement: The Mongols
Genghis Khan: Lord of the Mongols (Revered founder of Mongolia, this ruthless 13th century warrior launched an empire that reached to Europe. Double Map Supplement: The Mongol Empire.)
Special Places: Simple Gifts of the Shenandoah (Ripples of history and fishing tales run through a river and its placid Virginia valley.)
Believing Las Vegas (Amid the neon dazzle, America’s fastest growing metro area is on a roll.)
Straight Up Ice Climbing (Armed with axes, crampons, and a touch of madness, climbers dare frozen waterfalls and Alpine glaciers.)
Reinventing Berlin (The Wall gone, the reunited city prepares to resume its historic role as Germany’s capital.)
Feather Star Crinoids: Flowers of the Coral Seas (Delicate as flowers, these tenacious sea animals provide shelter for myriad smaller creatures.)

GENGHIS KHAN, MONGOLIA; SHENANDOAH VALLEY, VIRGINIA; LAS VEGAS, NEVADA; ICE CLIMBING; BERLIN, GERMANY; and, FEATHER STAR CRINOIDS.

Price: $14.50 - EX (MAP INCLUDED)

Price: $12.50 - EX/VG (MAP INCLUDED)

Price: $7.00 - G/poor (MAP INCLUDED)

Price: $5.00 - Map alone (1 Available)

National Geographic - November 1996, Vol. 190, No. 5

Orbit: The Astronaut’s View of Home (With handheld cameras and a childlike sense of awe, astronauts capture three decades of change on the face of the planet.)
Sir Joseph Banks: The Greening of the Empire (The 18th century English scholar and gentleman left a scientific legacy botanists still salute.)
Gibraltar: Britain’s Precarious Stronghold (Britain’s hold on this Mediterranean remnant of empire is as solid as the Rock itself, or is it?)
Realm of the Seamount (A submerged volcanic peak off British Columbia plays host to a diverse marine community.)
Colorado’s Front Range (Those wide-open spaces that lure newcomers to the east flank of the Rockies are shrinking fast.)
Portia Spider: Mistress of Deception (Invading another spider’s web, this fierce predator mimics the vibrations of a trapped insect to fool its prey.)
China: Rapid Descent: First Run Down the Shuiluo River (A plunging Chinese waterway rewards rafters with a taste for bare-bones adventure.)

ORBIT: ASTRONAUTS PHOTOGRAPHS; SIR JOSEPH BANKS; GIBRALTAR; BRITISH COLUMBIA SEAMOUNT; COLORADO’S FRONT RANGE; PORTIA SPIDERS; and, SHUILUO RIVER, CHINA.

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National Geographic - October 1996, Vol. 190, No. 4

Double Map Supplement: Federal Lands
Sanctuary: National Wildlife Refuges (Sanctuaries for waterfowl and other species guard critical habitat against growing pressure. Double Map supplement: Federal Lands.)
Royal Gold of the Asante Empire (African Gold) (The regalia of an Asante king in Ghana dazzles his subjects at the lavish celebration of his 25-year reign.)
Storm Watch Over the Kuril Islands: Russia and Japan contest a wild island chain (Controlled by Russia, claimed by Japan, these storm-tossed islands straddle prized Pacific fishing grounds.)
China Tomb: China’s Terra-Cotta Warriors (China’s Warriors Rise From the Earth) (Near Xian, 8,000 life-size soldiers emerge from the mausoleum of china’s first emperor.)
Deep-Sea Life: Life Without Light (Mussels and tube worms thrive on bacteria nourished by gas and oil seeps deep in the Gulf of Mexico.)
Morocco: North Africa’s Timeless Mosaic (The storied North African kingdom faces harsh realities of poverty, unemployment, and overpopulation.)
Baffin Island Trek (In a six-month odyssey a team of adventurer takes on Canada’s largest island.)

NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES; GHANA GOLD; KURIL ISLANDS; CHINA’S TERRA-COTTA WARRIORS; GULF OF MEXICO DEEP-SEA LIFE; MOROCCO; and, BAFFIN ISLAND, CANADA.

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Price: $2.00 - Map alone (2 available)

National Geographic - September1996, Vol. 190, No. 3

Scotland: Plaid to the Bone (This rugged northern reach of Britain remains a world apart, a land of windswept lochs and heather hills, a people of industriousness and idiosyncrasy.)
Gaza: Where Peace Walks a Tightrope (Palestinians in the 140-square-mile arid strip along the Mediterranean Sea cling to their dream of building a new state.)
Searching for the Scythians (Legendary horsemen who swept across the European steppe in the seventh century B.C. left clues to their culture in finely wrought gold.)
A Special Place: Hawk High Over Four Corners (Where four states meet in the Southwest, nature spreads a splendid panorama.)
Tarantulas: Earth Tigers and Bird Spiders (Huge, hairy, and horrific, tarantulas are also delicate, timid, and mostly harmless.)
The Essential Element of Fire (More friend than foe to many ecosystems, fire helps keep the planet in balance.)

SCOTLAND; PALESTINIAN GAZA; SCYTHIANS; SOUTHWEST U.S. FOUR CORNERS; TARANTULAS; and, FIRE.

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National Geographic - August 1996, Vol. 190, No. 2

Mexico: A Special Issue
Emerging Mexico, Introduction: Bright with Promise, Tangled in the Past
Mexico City: Pushing the Limits
Sierra Madre: Backbone of the Frontier
Monterrey: Confronting the Future
Veracruz: Gateway to the World
Heartland and the Pacific: Eternal Mexico
Tijuana and the Border: Magnet of Opportunity
Yucatan Peninsula: Maya Heart, Modern Face
Chiapas: Rough Road to Reality

MEXICO

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National Geographic - July 1996, Vol. 190, No. 1

A Place for Parks in the New South Africa (Conservationists in South Africa hope to preserve a balance between the nation’s magnificent wildlife and a rapidly expanding human population desperate for land.)
Let the Olympic Games Begin (What drives us to play? A look at sports on the 100th anniversary of the modern Olympics.)
Dinosaurs of the Gobi: Unearthing a Fossil Trove (Buried by desert sandstorms 80 million years ago, wondrous creatures reveal themselves in well-preserved fossils of parents and nestlings.)
Gleaning Treasure from the Silver Bank (Submerged since 1641, a hoard of gold, silver, and jewelry from the Spanish galleon Concepcion comes to light off the Dominican Republic.)
Syria Behind the Mask (A key to Middle East peace, this arid nation – no longer under Soviet sway – has begun to loosen its grip on the economic and political activities of its people.)

SOUTH AFRICA PARKS; OLYMPICS 100TH ANNIVERSARY; GOBI DESERT DINOSAURS; SPANISH GALLEON CONCEPCION; and, SYRIA.

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National Geographic - June 1996, Vol. 189, No. 6

Double Map Supplement: Ontario
The Uneasy Magic of Australia’s Cape York Peninsula (Aborigines assert their claim to the harsh and beautiful northern tip of Australia.)
Australia’s Saltwater Crocodiles (The once besieged “salties” of the northern Australian coast are on the rebound.)
In Focus: Bosnia ( Maps help chart the history of Europe’s bloodiest conflict since World War II.)
Mummies: Peru’s Ice Maidens: Unwrapping the secrets (Frozen in time, 500-year old mummies promise fresh understanding of the Inca Empire.)
Eritrea Wins the Peace (A new nation faces daunting challenges after a 30-year war for independence.)
Africa’s Dinosaur Castaways (In the Sahara a predator as large as Tyrannosaurus rex emerges from the sand.)
Toronto (Canada’s supercity has become a multicultural center of business, arts, and pleasant living.)

CAPE YORK PENINSULA, AUSTRALIA; AUSTRALIA’S SALTWATER CROCODILES; BOSNIA; PERU’S INCA EMPIRE ICE MAIDEN MUMMIES; ERITREA; SAHARA DINOSAUR; and, TORONTO, CANADA.

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National Geographic - May 1996, Vol. 189, No. 5

Peru Begins Again (Bankrupt and beset by terrorists in 1990, Peru today enjoys a new sense of national spirit.)
EXploring Antarctic Ice (Scientists probing the continent’s winter skirt of sea ice find clues to global climate.)
California Desert Lands: A Tribute to Sublime Desolation (California Desert Protection Act: Death Valley & Joshua Tree elevated from National Monuments to become National Parks; and, Mojave National Preserve created.) (Powdery dunes, Joshua tree forests, and searing rockscapes are now under federal protection.)
Monaco (Tax haven and playground of Europe’s ultrarich, this tiny Mediterranean principality embodies luxury and privilege.)
The Great Dinosaur Egg Hunt (Scientists hit paydirt in their search for insights into the family life of dinosaurs.)
David Thompson: The Man Who Measured Canada (Fur trader and naturalist, this unheralded explorer discovered the headwaters of the Columbia River, and mapped the heart of Canada.)

PERU; ANTARCTIC ICE; CALIFORNIA DESERT PROTECTION ACT; MONACO; DINOSAUR EGGS; and, EXPLORER DAVID THOMPSON.

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National Geographic - April 1996, Vol. 189, No. 4

Double Map Supplement: Jerusalem
The Three Faces of Jerusalem (Holy to Jews, Christians, and Muslims, this storied city struggles to balance religion, politics, and power.)
Storming the Tower (Using hands, feet, and nerve, four Wyoming cowboys scale 3,000-foot Trango Tower in the Himalaya.)
Pilgrimage to China’s Buddhist Caves (Centuries-old images of devotion grace caverns along China’s Silk Road)
A Passion for Trout (The quest for these denizens of cold clear water is more than sport: It’s a way of life.)
Anasazi: The Old Ones of the Southwest (As archaeologists penetrate the mysteries of the ancient Anasazi, new questions arise.)
NGS Committee for Research and EXploration: Understanding Our World (Projects funded by the Committee for Research and EXploration enrich and enthrall.)
The Aran Islands: Ancient Hearts, Modern Minds (Some 1,400 Gaelic speakers hold down a fortress of tradition off the west coast of Ireland.)

JERUSALEM: JEWS, CHRISTIANS, and, MOSLEMS; TRANGO TOWER, HIMALAYA; CHINA’ SILK ROAD BUDDHIST CAVES; TROUT; ANASAZI; and, ARAN ISLANDS.

Price: $8.00 - MINT IN ORIGINAL MAILING WRAPPER (Double Map Supplement: Jerusalem INCLUDED)

Price: $7.50 - EX (Double Map Supplement: Jerusalem INCLUDED)

National Geographic - March 1996, Vol. 189, No. 3

Xinjiang (Horsemen become farmers and deserts sprout oil wells as China resettles and develops its wild west.)
The Silk Road’s Lost World: Mummies (Mummies with Caucasian features recall a culture that thrived in Xinjiang 3,000 years ago.)
Emperor Penguins (Embracing the coldest climate on earth, these avian royals reproduce during the Antarctic winter.)
Heart of the Hudson River (A spirited sense of community is reinvigorating New York’s historic river valley region.)
The Dawn of Humans: Face-to-Face with Lucy’s Family, by Donald C. Johanson, Photographs by Enrico Ferorelli, Art by John Gurche (New fossils from Ethiopia help flesh out the oldest skeleton in our ancestral closet.)
Macedonia: Caught in the Middle (Independence came in 1991 to the onetime Yugoslav republic, but national unity remains elusive.)

XINJIANG, CHINA; SILK ROAD MUMMIES; EMPEROR PENGUINS; NEW YORK’S HUDSON RIVER VALLEY; LUCY’S FAMILY, ETHIOPIA; and, MACEDONIA.

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National Geographic - February 1996, Vol. 189, No. 2

Double Map Supplement: Indonesia
Irian Jaya: Indonesia’s Wild Side (Former warriors and headhunters make peace with modern times as Indonesia develops its largest and wildest frontier.)
Irian Jaya’s People of the Trees (Korowai live as their Stone Age ancestors did – in homes high in the rain forest.)
Tex-Mex Border (Two cultures twine along the 1,250-miles Rio Grande borderland, nearly a country unto itself.)
Into the Heart of Glaciers (With skill of divers and climbers, daring cavers explore labyrinths in the ice.)
The Many Faces of Thailand (Gentleness is a given inn a proud Buddhist nation that has turned itself into an economic tiger of the Pacific Rim.)
Our Polluted Runoff: Widespread as Rain and Deadly as Poison (Stealthily it makes its way into our freshwater supplies, but hidden pollution can be controlled.)
In Focus: The Fractured Caucasus (Maps chart the beleaguered borders and ethnic diversity of this mountainous region.)

IRIAN JAYA, INDONESIA; KOROWAI; RIO GRANDE BORDERLAND, TEX-MEX BORDER, TEXAS-MEXICO; GLACIERS; THAILAND; POLLUTION; and, CAUCASUS.

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National Geographic - January 1996, Vol. 189, No. 1

The Dawn of Humans: Neanderthals (Archaeology proves these ancient humans to be intelligent hunters and compassionate beings.)
Requiem for the Edmund Fitzgerald (High-tech dives in Lake Superior retrieve a ship’s bell, and memories of a lost crew.)
Utah (As it celebrates its centennial, Utah still promises wide spaces and family-centered living.)
Arctic Ocean Traverse (Dispatches From the Arctic Ocean) (An international team completes a perilous transoceanic crossing via the North Pole.)
Feast of the Tarpon (Clouds of baitfish schooling in the Caribbean attract these voracious predators.)
Under Our Skin: Hot Theories on the Center of the Earth (Churning heat at earth’s center drives our dynamic planet and sparks debate among scientists.)
Puffins (Inquisitive and social, these beguiling seabirds are well adapted to the harsh North Atlantic.)

NEANDERTHALS; THE EDMUND FITZGERALD; UTAH; ARCTIC OCEAN TRAVERSE; EARTH’S CENTER; and, PUFFINS.

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National Geographic - December 1995, Vol. 188, No. 6

Double Map Supplement: Orion / The Heavens
The Timeless Vision of Teotihuacan (New finds among the ruins are putting a human face on the great metropolis of ancient Mexico.)
Manta! (Devilish horns and a fearsome 20-foot wingspan belie the gentle nature of the giant ray.)
New Face for a Desert Mission (Preservation efforts restore the baroque glow of Arizona’s San Xavier Mission.)
A Farming Revolution: Sustainable Agriculture (As sustainable agriculture takes root across the land, farmers large and small celebrate strong yields.)
Orion: Where Stars Are Born (The Hubble Space Telescope grants a fresh look at clouds of gas and dust forming around young stars – perhaps the start of solar systems.)
Jane Goodall: Crusading for Chimps and Humans… (Her decades of study show that chimps in the wild are startlingly like us. Today the pioneer primatologist travels the glove to speak up for their captive and orphaned kin.)

TEOTIHUACAN, ANCIENT MEXICO; GIANT MANTA RAYS; ARIZONA’S SAN XAVIER MISSION; FARMING REVOLUTION; HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE: ORION; and, JANE GOODALL.

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National Geographic - November 1995, Vol. 188, No. 5

Diminishing Returns: Exploiting the Ocean’s Bounty (World fisheries are in turmoil. Fish stocks decline, nations fight over fishing grounds, and commercial fleets and subsistence fishermen must work harder than ever.)
Tsukiji: The Great Tokyo Fish Market (The world’s largest fish emporium sells seafood from around the globe.)
The Realm of the Elusive Sperm Whales (Living as long as 70 years, these storied marine mammals form extended family units and like to socialize.)
The Basques: Europe’s First Family (Along the French-Spanish border the oldest ethnic group in Europe preserves its unique language and traditions.)
In Praise of Squirrels (Agile and quick-witted, the eastern gray squirrel bounds through our backyards…and our lives.)
The Style and Substance of Oxford (Quintessentially English, the 800-year-old university and its even older town shed some of their most beloved eccentricities.)

FISH: DIMINISHING RETURNS; TOKYO FISH MARKET; SPERM WHALES; THE BASQUES; SQUIRRELS; and, OXFORD UNIVERSITY, ENGLAND.

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National Geographic - October 1995, Vol. 188, No. 4

Information Revolution (From the global computer networks to interactive TV, electronic advances are redefining communications… and our sense of community.)
Saving Britain’s Shore (Celebrating a century of conservation, the National Trust vigilantly safeguards the coast.)
The Mountain Gorillas of Africa: A Fragile Home Threatened by War (Rwanda’s civil war made a killing field of their last refuge. Miraculously – amid horrific loss of human life – the gentle apes have survived.)
Cuatro Cienegas: Mexico’s Desert Aquarium (Springwaters at Cuatro Cienegas create a rare desert wetland for plants, fish, and reptiles.)
Geisha (Tribute to art and beauty, the geisha still creates illusions for her pampered patrons even as her profession ebbs.)
The Two Worlds of Fiji (At a South Pacific crossroads, native Fijians and ethnic Indians struggle for racial harmony.)

INFORMATION REVOLUTION; BRITAIN’S NATIONAL TRUST; GORILLAS; CUATRO CIENEGAS, MEXICO’S DESERT AQUARIUM; GEISHA; and, FIJI.

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National Geographic - September 1995, Vol. 188, No. 3

Double Map Supplement: Hawaii
On the Brink: Hawaii’s Vanishing Species (Evolving in isolation over thousands of years, the unique birds, plants, and insects of Hawaii are threatened by introduced species.)
The Dawn of Humans: The Farthest Horizon, by Meave Leakey, Photographs by Kenneth Garrett, Art by John Gurche (EXploration in East Africa reveals apelike creatures that walked upright four million years ago.)
Essence of Provence (Warm light, soft fragrances, and rich cuisine grace this seductive corner of southern France.)
Huautla Cave Quest: Trial and Tragedy a Mile Beneath Mexico (A daring bid to establish a Mexican cave as earth’s deepest breaks new ground.)
The Giant Cuttlefish: Chameleon of the Reef (Off southern Australia, great cephalopods dazzle with iridescent color changes and amazing intelligence.)
El Salvador Learns To Live With Peace (A 12-year civil war has ended, and Salvadorans struggle to pull their country into a new era of peace.)

HAWAII; DAWN OF HUMANS, by Meave LEAKEY; PROVENCE, FRANCE; HUAUTLA CAVE, MEXICO; GIANT CUTTLEFISH, AUSTRALIA; and, EL SALVADOR.

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National Geographic - August 1995, Vol. 188, No. 2

Sicily: Italy Apart (Long dismissed as country cousins by mainland Italians, Sicilians are demanding change and crying “Basta! – Enough!” to corrupt politicians and the Mafia.)
Saving North America’s Beleaguered Bats (To save these benign, insect-eating mammals, conservationists create sanctuaries in mines and caves.)
Reel to Real (Do any of our photographers resemble the hero of The Bridges of Madison County? The men and women who shoot for the Geographic separate fact from fiction.)
Hiroshima: Up From Ground Zero (After 50 years ground zero is alive with heavy industry and cosmopolitan shopping malls – and with memories of those who perished in the world’s first atomic bombing.)
The African Roots of Voodoo (Millions of devotees on the coast of Ghana and Togo look to animist deities for guidance.)
Bowhead Whales: Leviathans of Icy Seas (Decimated by centuries of commercial hunting, 8,000 bowheads swim in northern waters. Their comeback off Alaska allows Eskimos to maintain a traditional hunt for food.)

SICILY, ITALY; NORTH AMERICAN BATS; THE BRIDGES OF MADISON COUNTY; HIROSHIMA, JAPAN; AFRICAN VOODOO; and, BOWHEAD WHALES.

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National Geographic - July 1995, Vol. 188, No. 1

Double Map Supplement: Heart of the Rockies
Ndoki: Last Place on Earth (In Africa’s Congo Basin, elephants, gorillas, and leopards roam the steamy tropical forest, and chimpanzees approach humans without fear. Now a 1,500-square-mile park protects this wildest wilderness.)
Rocky Times for Banff (Canada’s most popular national park wrestles with how to accommodate millions of visitors each year while hoarding the grandeur of the Rockies.)
Burma, The Richest of Poor Countries (Rigid military rule hinders the development of Burma’s plentiful resources and keeps her people among the poorest in the world. In remote border regions insurgent groups have armies of their own.)
Leafcutters: Gardeners of the Ant World (Stripping away vegetation in the New World tropics, leafcutter ants turn fresh leaves into mulch for their underground fungus gardens. Serious pests for farmers and ranchers, they benefit grasslands and forests by aerating the soil.)
Kobe Wakes to a Nightmare (Victims of last January’s quake, Japan’s worst disaster since World War II, cope by summoning the ancient samurai trait of gaman, or inner strength.)

NDOKI, AFRICA CONGO BASIN; BANFF NATIONAL PARK, CANADA; BURMA; LEAFCUTTER ANTS; and, KOBE, JAPAN.

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National Geographic - June 1995, Vol. 187, No. 6

Quiet Miracles of The Brain (Billions of cells in this fragile organ regulate our bodies, emotions, and memories. New research reveals the brain’s flexibility and leads to ingenious treatments for age-old disorders. Still, the matter that makes us human remains full of mystery.)
The Fragile Recovery of California Sea Otters (Nearly wiped out by 19th century fur hunters, these appealing mammals are reclaiming their coastal range. But feasting on urchins and abalone, they rile local fishermen.)
Israel’s Galilee: Living in the Shadow of Peace (As Israel and its Arab neighbors seek a lasting peace, this northern region – home to 450,000 Arabs, the largest concentration in Israel – has become a testing ground for relations between the state and its non-Jewish citizens.)
Satellite Revelations: New Views of the Holy Land (Breathtaking bird’s-eye pictures are generated by computer when high-resolution satellite images are merged with a topographic database.)
Living a Dream on the Islands of Puget Sound (Playground of orcas, eagles, and other free spirits, the islands of northwestern Washington are awash with newcomers. As resources decline, some longtime residents question the limits of hospitality.)

THE BRAIN; CALIFORNIA SEA OTTERS; ISRAEL’S GALILEE; SATELLITE IMAGES OF THE HOLY LAND; and, PUGET SOUND, WASHINGTON.

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National Geographic - May 1995, Vol. 187, No. 5

The Vimy Flies Again: Reliving the first aerial voyage from England to Australia (Despite violent storms and engine failure, the author and his crew fly 11,000 miles in an open-cockpit biplane to retrace the 1919 route of the first England-to-Australia flight.)
Wild Mating of the Nurse Sharks (EXploration of a shark breeding ground in the subtropical waters off the Florida Keys gives new insights into the mating behavior of these fearsome-looking but usually benign reef dwellers.)
Blueprints for Victory (Fifty years ago U.S. Presidents relied on National Geographic maps as they planned strategy, debriefed commanders, and negotiated treaties during World War II.)
The Cherokee: Two Nations, One People (Divided in the 1830s, most of the Cherokee were forced to travel the Trail of Tears – from their southeastern homeland to Oklahoma. Today eastern and western Cherokee celebrate a common heritage.)
Poison-Dart Frogs: Lurid and Lethal (Tiny, neon-bright frogs trill their courtship songs throughout much of tropical Latin America. But watch out: Touch one and you might be dead.)
Oman (Land of camel races and car phones, the oil-rich Sultanate of Oman guards its traditions while welcoming upper-crust tourism and economic development.)

VIVY BIPLANE FLIES AGAIN; NURSE SHARKS; NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAPS IN WORLD WAR II; THE CHEROKEE; POISON FROGS; and, OMAN.

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National Geographic - April 1995, Vol. 187, No. 4

Double Map Supplement: Earthquakes
Living with California’s Faults (The 1994 Northridge earthquake sent seismologists scrambling. Prediction: more frequent and damaging quakes. A supplement explains the West Coast’s geologic tensions.)
Koalas, Out on a Limb (The fur is flying in a debate over the future of Australia’s beloved mascots, increasingly threatened by cars and dogs, and the leveling of their favored eucalyptus trees.)
The New Saigon (Once crippled by war, a reinvented Ho Chi Minh City bustles as the hub of southern Vietnam, where entrepreneurs and returning expatriates inject cash and capitalist dreams.)
The Brindisi Bronzes: Classical Castoffs Reclaimed From The Sea (A trove of classical sculptures – heads, torsos, and limbs – recovered from the sea off eastern Italy may offer the first evidence of ancient scrap-metal recycling.)
Mountain Goats: On the Edge of Earth and Sky (A hundred thousand years ago their ancestors sought refuge in the treacherous heights. Now these nimble cliff-hangers are undisputed lords of the ledge.)
Earth Day: 25 Years Old (Nationwide street demonstrations in 1970 helped turn Americans “green.” Here are seven of the dedicated millions whose commitment is bearing fruit.)

earthquakes; California; koalas; Saigon, Vietnam; Brindisi bronzes; mountain goats; Earth Day.

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Price: $3.00 - Map alone (3 available)

National Geographic - March 1995, Vol. 187, No. 3

Dead or Alive: The Endangered Species Act (A controversial U.S. law that protects dwindling plant and animal species comes up for reauthorization this year. Good intentions have run wild at the expense of jobs and property rights, say critics of the act.)
Bombay: India’s Capital of Hope (Fueled by free-market reforms, Bombay has emerged as the economic engine driving India into the 21st century. Yet overflowing slums and religious tensions pose challenges to prosperity.)
Chile’s Chinchorro Mummies: Unearthed After 7,000 Years (Unearthed from the sands of northern Chile, intact burials from 7,000 years ago reveal secrets of a lost culture, including the world’s earliest method of mummification.)
Journey to Aldabra (In the western Indian Ocean, four small coral islands, virtually uninhabited outposts of the Republic of Seychelles, teem with frigatebirds, giant tortoises, and a glorious parade of marine life.)
North Carolina’s Piedmont: On a Fast Break (The red-clay realm of the North Carolina Piedmont nurtures make-do folks devoted to their churches and their race-car heroes, and proud of their booming cities.)

the Endangered Species Act; Bombay, India; Chinchorro mummies of Chile; Aldabra, Seychelles; Piedmont, North Carolina.

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National Geographic - February 1995, Vol. 187, No. 2

Double Map Supplement: Italy
The Amazon: South America’s River Road (This free-flowing behemoth provides transport, larder, riches, and resort for a kaleidoscope of humanity as it carries a sixth of the world’s running water some 4,000 miles.)
Remote World of the Harpy Eagle (In the shrinking realm of New World rain forests, earth’s most powerful raptors need protected habitat to beat the challenge of the chain saw.)
Maya Masterpiece Revealed at Bonampak (Warriors clash, captives cringe, and royals triumph in extraordinary murals from Bonampak, Mexico, brought vividly back to life with the aid of computer wizardry.)
Venice: More Than a Dream (A city for the ages preserves its small-town intimacy and artistic glory against a flood of tourists. A double-sided supplement traces Italy’s emergence as a nation.)
Growing Up Wild: New Hope for China’s Giant Pandas (A baby panda, featured in the February 1993 issue, and other newborns thrive in their reserve, while China endeavors to halt poaching and limit encroachment.)
Grand Teton (Development expands on adjacent ranchland, and more and more visitors surge into this splendid national park. Can Grand Teton stay grand forever?)

AMAZON RIVER; HARPY EAGLE; MAYA MASTERPIECE, BONAMPAK, MEXICO; VENICE, ITALY; CHINA’S GIANT PANDAS; and, GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK.

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Price: $6.00 - VG (NO map)

National Geographic - January 1995, Vol. 187, No. 1

Double Map Supplement: The Nile
Age of Pyramids: Egypt’s Old Kingdom (New discoveries shed light on daily life in the age of the pyramid builders, when the task of serving the pharaohs, even after death, unified the land. A double map supplement reveals Nile Valley antiquities.)
Close Encounters With the Gray Reef Shark (Using body language to signal attack, the gray reef shark is one of the fiercest of its kind. Flotillas of these sharks patrol Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean, once the site of U.S. atomic bomb tests.)
Wildflowers of Western Australia (Land of kangaroo and koala, Australia also holds botanical treasures: the pink pigfaces, plume smokebushes, and 12,000 other wildflower species that paint the west in glorious bursts of color.)
New Orleans: Upbeat, Downbeat, Offbeat (Creole cooking, jazz rhythms, and the traditions of a storied past help override fears of drug crime and casino gambling. The soul of the Big Easy remains irrepressible.)
Perilous Journey: Three Years across the Arctic (By kayak, dogsled, and on foot, a young Spaniard and his friends test the limits of survival as they traverse 8,400 harsh Arctic miles from Greenland to Alaska.)

the Nile; Egypt; gray reef sharks; wildflowers; New Orleans; the Arctic.

Price: $6.50 - EX (map included)

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Price: $5.00 - VG (NO map included)

National Geographic - December 1994, Vol. 186, No. 6

Double Map Supplement: Prairie Provinces
Animals at Play (tickling and wrestling, toying with sticks and tires, animals young and old play together and by themselves. Such behavior appears crucial to normal development. Could it also be just pure fun?)
Canada’s Highway of Steel (The rails that stitched a nation together still haul its grain and keep its commercial heart beating. A double supplement map focuses on the Prairie Provinces.)
The Wreck of the C.S.S. Alabama: Avenging Angel of the Confederacy (The Confederate raider Alabama seized or burned 64 United States merchantmen before succumbing to a Union warship off France in 1864. Now a U.S.-French salvage team pieces together her story.)
Buenos Aires: Making up for lost time (Birthplace of the tango, Argentina’s largest city counts 11 million people, a third of the nation. Recovering from economic missteps, they dance to the healthy beat of free enterprise.)
America’s Poet: Walt Whitman (Celebrating the ordinary and the exalted, the sacred and the sensual, this beloved 19th century individualist still stands as an unabashed prophet of joy.)

animal play; Canadian railroad; the the C.S.S. Alabama (Confederate ship); Buenos Aires, Argentina; Walt Whitman.

Price: $9.00 - EX (map IS included)

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Price: $7.00 - VG (map is NOT included)

National Geographic - November 1994, Vol. 186, No. 5

When the Greeks Went West (Nearly 3,000 years ago, Greek settlers crossed the sea to colonize southern Italy and Sicily. The ruins of their cities proclaim a golden realm that, for a time, outshone Athens itself.)
The Song of Oaxaca (In the remote villages of Mexico’s most ethnically diverse state, peasant farmers cling to ancient traditions as well as age-old feuds. Music exerts the power to bring the people together.)
Buffalo: Back Home on the Range (All but wiped out a century ago, the American bison is winning the West as others discover what the Plains Indians have long known: The powerful animals are ideally adapted to the region.)
Madeira Toasts the Future (The pace of life quickens on these lush islands of Portugal, whose membership in the European Union raises hope of new prosperity yet threatens traditional livelihoods.)
Rebirth of a Deep-sea Vent (Descending to the Pacific seafloor, scientists have for the first time observed a volcanic eruption and its aftermath: the creation of living colonies of stranger-than-fiction organisms.)

GREECE; OAXACA, MEXICO; BUFFALO-AMERICAN BISON; MADEIRA ISLANDS, PORTUGAL; and, PACIFIC SEAFLOOR DEEP-SEA VENT.

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National Geographic - October 1994, Vol. 186, No. 4

Our National Parks (How well are we guarding these special places? A comprehensive report on a threatened heritage.)
The Hanseatic League: Europe’s First Common Market (Banding together in the Middle Age, German merchants wrested power from feudal lords, and helped give rise to a middle class. The spirit of their far-flung enterprise inspires newly free nations.)
Siberian Mummy Unearthed (Locked in an icy burial chamber beneath the Siberian steppes for 2,400 years, a Pazyryk gentlewoman comes to light along with possessions chosen for eternity.)
The St. Lawrence: River and Sea (Highway of trade and summer sailors, the St. Lawrence sweeps from Lake Ontario to the wide arms of the Atlantic, where Great Lakes cargo ships give way to whitecaps and whales.)
The Improbable Seahorse (Sought after live as aquarium specimens and dead as aphrodisiacs, these odd fishes found in coastal waters worldwide face growing pressure from habitat destruction.)

OUR NATIONAL PARKS; MIDDLE AGES HANSEATIC LEAGUE; SIBERIAN MUMMY; ST. LAWRENCE; and, SEAHORSE.

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National Geographic - September 1994, Vol. 186, No. 3

Double Map Supplement: Mexico
Ireland on Fast-forward (On emerald pastures, livestock grazes in the shadow of factories. Manufacturing now surpasses farming in the island nation, where hopes for the future crowd out dreams of romantic past. )
The Sonoran Desert: Anything but Empty (This parched realm of cactuses and pronghorns that straddles California, Arizona, and Mexico faces increasing development. A double map supplement highlights Mexico’s’ cultural heritage.)
Inner Japan (Serenity lingers in the villages and lush valleys of Japan’s western slope, where rice farmers and artisans honor the nation’s ideals of family, tradition, simplicity.)
Crimea: Pearl of a Fallen Empire (Resort for tsars and commissars and headquarters of the Soviets’ Black Sea Fleet, the historic peninsula is the prize in today’s tug-or-war between Russia and Ukraine.)
Fantasy Coffins of Ghana: To Heaven by Land, Sea, or Air (With a new funerary tradition – brightly painted coffins shaped like animals, airplanes, and luxury autos – Ghanaians honor the dead and celebrate their lives.)

Ireland; Sonoran desert; Japan; Crimea, Ghana coffins.

Price: $7.50 - MINT IN ORIGINAL MAILING WRAPPER (MAP INCLUDED)

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Price: $4.00 - G (map NOT included)

National Geographic - August 1994, Vol. 186, No. 2

England’s Lake District: Beauty Besieged (Wordsworth called it “a blended holiness of earth and sky.” Today this poetic rolling landscape receives 12 million visitors each year – and feels the strain.)
Lions of Darkness (Stalking the grasslands of northern Botswana under cover of night, prides of lions bring down large prey – Cape buffalo, young elephants, and even hippos.)
Students with a Mission: NASA Puts the “Can Do” Project in Orbit (When NASA’s shuttle Endeavour headed skyward last summer, spirits soared at South Carolina schools that sent, and got back, a payload of student experiments.)
Pollution in the Former U.S.S.R.: Lethal Legacy (Soviet Pollution) (In pursuit of economic self-sufficiency, the Soviet empire left a foul legacy of dying forest, filthy waterways, and disfigured children across its vast territory.)
Chornobyl (Chernobyl) (At the site of the world’s worst nuclear accident, two surviving reactors continue to produce electric power for an energy-poor, and fearful, Ukraine.)
Australia’s Box Jellyfish: A Killer Down Under (Deadly Jellyfish of Australia) (Camouflaged by murky waters, the delicate box jellyfish packs a lethal punch: Venom from its tentacles can kill a human in four excruciatingly painful minutes.)

ENGLAND’S LAKE DISTRICT; BOTSWANA LIONS; NASA SHUTTLE ENDEAVOUR; SOVIET POLLUTION; CHORNOBYL; and, AUSTRALIA’S DEADLY JELLYFISH.

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National Geographic - July 1994, Vol. 186, No. 1

Double Map Supplement: Megalopolis
Boston, Breaking New Ground (From its massive harbor tunnel project to its first Italian mayor, this historic city is reshaping itself. A double map supplement highlights the Boston to Washington, D. C. megalopolis.)
The Tale of the San Diego: An Account of Adventure, Deceit, and Intrigue (In 1600 the Spanish galleon San Diego sank while battling a Dutch ship 20 miles off Manila Bay. This archaeological time capsule of Spanish life in Asia has revealed some unexpected finds.)
Viruses (Microscopic bundles of genes, viruses stunt tomatoes, drive dogs mad with rabies, and cause human woes from common colds to killer flus to AIDS. Scientists race to identify the newest threats.)
Recycling (Not since World War II have Americans been so aware of wasting things. Cans and bottles, paint, tires, and motor oil, it makes economic and environmental sense to use them again.)
Alone with the Northern Goshawk (Fierce raptors, dutiful parents, squabbling chicks – intimate scenes of the hawks’ daily life are observed from a tree blind, as their nesting grounds in the West fall prey to logging.)

Boston; the San Diego (Spanish galleon); viruses; recycling; the northern goshawks. map: Megalopolis (Boston to New York)

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National Geographic - June 1994, Vol. 185, No. 6

Beluga: White Whale of the North (Small, social, and wary of polar bears, the beluga uses an array of clicks and whistles to chart its path through Arctic ice. Researchers are seeking its migration routes.)
Central Pennsylvania: My Home Place (In the Allegheny heartland, a native son returns home to the small towns, farms, and football fields of his youth. The train whistles have faded, but the integrity and self-reliance have not.)
Cotton: King of Fibers (Spun into cloth for centuries, cotton’s durable strands now knit everything from coffee filters to adhesive tape. Its seeds and short fibers yield soap, cooking oil, dollar bills, and a base for dynamite.)
Powwow: A Gathering of Tribes (“We sing to victory. We are still here.” Native Americans honor friends and family and celebrate their heritage in dazzling festivals of color and motion.)
A Russian Voyage: From the White to the Black Sea (Sailing from the White to the Black Sea, an Irish explorer and his crew find abandoned prison camps, flooded villages, polluted waters, and a people’s unceasing faith in the mighty Volga River.)

beluga whales; central Pennsylvania; cotton; Native American powwow; Russian voyage.

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National Geographic - May 1994, Vol. 185, No. 5

Double Map Supplement: Alaska
Turkey Struggles for Balance (At the crossroads of Asia and Europe, this progressive Muslim nation strives to carve out a major role in a diverse region beset by post-Cold War turmoil.)
English Channel Tunnel: The Light at the End of the Chunnel (Joining England and France in a marriage of convenience, the 31-mil-long “Chunnel” opens this month – and may shrink la difference between historic squabblers.)
Rice, the Essential Harvest (Symbol of life, wealth, and fertility from ancient times, rice even today sustains half the world. Now scientists hope to reinvent the grain to wrest more food from less land.)
Wrangell-St. Elias National Park: Alaska’s Sky-high Wilderness (Only a handful of homesteaders, prospectors, hunters, and visitors tackle the unforgiving terrain of our largest national park. With a double map supplement of Alaska.)
Out of the Darkness: Michelangelo’s “Last Judgment” (After years of painstaking restoration, the master’s fresco above the Sistine Chapel altar is reborn in an explosion of color – an enduring testament to genius and devotion.)
The Fading Call of the Siberian Crane (Imperiled by hunting and habitat loss, these majestic birds soar miles high to wintering grounds in Iran, India, and China. Will the fight to save them succeed?)

Turkey; the English Channel tunnel; rice; Wrangell-St. Elias, Alaska; Michelangelo's "Last Judgment"; siberian cranes. Includes map: Alaska.

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Price: $2.50 - map alone (3 available)

National Geographic - April 1994, Vol. 185, No. 4

The Everglades: Dying for Help (The vast saw grass wilderness on Florida’s southern tip has endured fire, drought, and hurricane – and revived. But can Everglades National Park survive the continuing diversion of its freshwater?)
Kamchatka: Russian’s Land of Fire and Ice (Nine time zones east of Moscow, this peninsula of fire and ice reels from economic upheaval. Entrepreneurs hope fisheries and adventure tourism will bring hard cash and a niche among Pacific Rim markets.)
Riddle of the Lusitania (Torpedoed by a German submarine on May 7, 1915, the British luxury liner Lusitania sank in 18 minutes, claiming 1,200 lives. Nearly 300 feet down in the Atlantic, scientists investigate the tragedy.)
John Wesley Powell: Vision for the West (Renowned for his pioneering voyage through the Grand Canyon, the one-armed explorer also made lasting contributions to geography and voiced visionary warnings about development in the West.)
Chile’s Uncharted Cordillera Sarmiento (Stormy seas, perpetual clouds, and hurricane-force winds have kept the peaks of the Sarmiento unscaled, until now. Putting them on the map, climbers challenge cliffs, ice fields, and fjords.)

EVERGLADES NATIONAL PARK; KAMCHATKA, RUSSIA; LUSITANIA; JOHN WESLEY POWELL; and, CHILE’S CORDILLERA SARMIENTO.

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National Geographic - March 1994, Vol. 185, No. 3

Shanghai: Where China’s Past and Future Meet (Communist leaders long denigrated China’s largest city for its onetime role as the Paris of the Orient. Now they invite foreign firms in hopes of making the city the financial capital of Asia.)
Simon Bolivar: El Libertador (South America’s 19th century revolutionary hero liberated five nations from Spain, while advocating strong central government. Americans still debate his legacy: Is it democracy or dictatorship?)
Trinidad and Tobago (Oil-rich and multiethnic, this two-island Caribbean nation makes an art of enjoying friends and family. Carnival, the yearly extravaganza of the senses, raises that art to its highest form.)
The Wings of War: How the Yanks of the Eighth Air Force helped turn the tide in World War II (The men of the U.S. Eighth Air Force battled Nazi Germany from five miles up, flying daytime bombing raids from England. Aboard B-17s they forged history, and lifelong friendships.)
High Road to Hunza (In the mountains of northern Pakistan, Hunzakuts find more rewards than drawbacks in the highway that has opened their once isolated Shangri-la to the outside world.)

SHANGHAI, CHINA; SIMON BOLIVAR; TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO; U.S. EIGHTH AIR FORCE, WWII; and, HUNZA, PAKISTAN.

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National Geographic - February 1994, Vol. 185, No. 2

Double Map Supplement: The World
Federal Lands: New Showdowns in the Old West (Freewheeling life on the frontier was never free. The West bears the scars of federally subsidized grazing, mining, and logging – and faces a new land rush of visitors, developers, and retirees.)
Return to Hunstein Forest (A daughter of U.S. missionaries revisits her childhood home in Papua New Guinea, where logging may soon destroy pristine rain forest and the way of life of the native Bahinemo people.)
Connecticut (Built on Yankee ingenuity and industry, the richest state in the U.S. – in per capita income – has been hard hit by job losses. Now Connecticut begins to reinvent itself for the post-industrial age.)
Sea Turtles: In a Race for Survival (Hunted for meat, leather, and their shells, sea turtles have suffered great declines in population. All eight species are endangered or threatened, and scientists work to save them from extinction.)
Tatshenshini-Alsek Wilderness Park (British Columbia, Canada: Named for two raging, glacier-fed rivers, this Canadian wilderness has ridden out a bruising battle over copper mining and emerged intact. The park crowns an international preserve.)

FEDERAL LANDS in the OLD WEST; HUNSTEIN FOREST, PAPUA NEW GUINEA; CONNECTICUT; SEA TURTLES; and, TATSHENSHINI-ALSEK WILDERNESS PARK, BC, CANADA.

Price: $6.50 - EX (Map - The World - political is included)

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National Geographic - January 1994, Vol. 185, No. 1

New Eyes on the Universe (With revolutionary telescopes and a fleet of spaceborne instruments, scientists are seeing farther, and more clearly, into the universe. Now they struggle to make sense of this extraordinary information.)
The Great Flood of ’93 (When water rampaged through the upper Mississippi River basin last summer, it left both broken levees and broken hearts, stirring up a century-old debate on U.S. flood-control policy.)
Des Moines, Iowa: Riding Out the Worst of Times (A native son returns to flood-ravaged Des Moines, Iowa, and finds its virtues of grit, good humor, and neighborly generosity holding fast.)
Kyushu: Japan’s Southern Gateway (Japan’s southernmost main island sheds its backwater image as it lures research labs and high-tech factories – and claims its share of the Pacific Rim boom.)
Macaws: Winged Rainbows (Deep in the Peruvian Amazon these largest of parrots gather to eat riverbank clay. Why they do so is one of the many questions explored in this first detailed study of macaws in the wild.)

THE UNIVERSE; MISSISSIPPI RIVER FLOOD OF 1993; DES MOINES, IOWA; KYUSHU, JAPAN; and, PERUVIAN MACAWS.

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National Geographic - December 1993, Vol. 184, No. 6

Himalayan Caravans (As they have for centuries, trading peoples of northwestern Nepal cross the high Himalaya in great caravans to barter for salt. Now tourism and development threaten their annual treks.)
Glass: Capturing the Dance of Light (Some 4,500 years ago craftsmen in Mesopotamia fired sand, soda, and lime to create glass. Today this solid that acts like a liquid turns up in everything from fine art to fiber optics.)
Lake Superior, The Superior Way of Life (Ocean-like Lake Superior can whip up 30-foot waves, daring those who ply its waters. Such rigors create a raw beauty, and instill an abiding sense of community.)
St Petersburg, Capital of the Tsars (Monument to the world’s aspirations of its namesake ruler and his imperial successors, St. Petersburg has survived the communist years to rival Moscow as Russia’s cultural center.)
Passion Vine Butterflies: A Taste for Poison (They float serenely amid predatory birds, harvest flowers on a set schedule, and may outlive all other butterflies. Their secret: a taste for cyanide-laced plants.)

Himalayan caravans; glass; Lake Superior; St. Petersburg, Russa; butterflies.

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National Geographic - November 1993, Special Edition

National Geographic Special Edition: WATER: The Power, Promise, and Turmoil of North America’s Fresh Water
Double Map Supplement: The United States / Precious Water Resources
Water: A Portrait in Words and Pictures
Supply: Sharing the Wealth of Water (The Chaos of Supply)
Supply Case Study: California: Desert in Disguise
Development: When Humans Harness Nature’s Forces
Development Case Study: James Bay: Where Two Worlds Collide
Pollution: Troubled Waters Run Deep
Pollution Case Study: The Mississippi: River Under Siege
Restoration: New Ideas, New Understanding, New Hope
Resources

"Water: The power, promise, and turmoil of North America's fresh water."

Price: $6.50 - EX - Double Map Supplement INCLUDED

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National Geographic - November 1993, Vol. 184 No. 5

Taiwan: The Other China Changes Course (Chinese Nationalists made an impoverished island off the China coast a bastion against mainland communism. Taiwan has since become an economic powerhouse, and now a democracy.)
Kodiak, Alaska’s Island Refuge (Famous for brown bears that spar over spawning salmon, Kodiak witnesses a new fight: Native Alutiiq are tangling with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service over the right to develop traditional lands.)
Red Sea: The Desert Sea (Sandwiched between the dry shores of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, the Red Sea presents a vast aquarium of flamboyant species, many found nowhere else.)
New Light on the Olmec (Mexico: The once mysterious Olmec are emerging from the shadowy past. Archaeologist have uncovered exciting new artifacts and reinterpreted older ones from Mesoamerica’s first great civilization.)
The Harlequin Duck: Bird of White Waters (The harlequin duck, plying swift mountain cascades and exploding breakers along North America’s rocky northern shores, faces a rough ride as its pristine wilderness habitat erodes.)

Taiwan; Kodiak, Alaska; the Red Sea; the Olmec of Mexico; harlequin ducks.

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National Geographic - October 1993, Vol. 184 No. 4

Double Map Supplement: Atlantic Canada
Labrador, Canada’s Place Apart (Cod fishing is down, mining is in trouble, and the kids are leaving, but if you think Labrador is finished, think again. A supplement map charts the history of this land of “strange wild beauty” and the rest of Atlantic Canada.)
The Living Tower of London (“Hence with him to the Tower.” A community of 50 families relish their residences in the infamous prison, where secret passwords still open gates.)
Afghanistan’s Uneasy Peace (For a decade Afghan guerrillas fought Soviet occupation – now they fight each other for control of Kabul, the capital. But elsewhere there is healing for a nation depleted by one million war dead.)
The American Prairie: Roots of the Sky (Only a few glorious patches of North American prairie survive, besieged remnants of the great grasslands that were home to Native Americans, bison, antelope, and p[prairie dogs.)
EXplosion of Life: The Cambrian Period (More than half a billion years ago an evolutionary frenzy gave rise to the main groups of animals in the world today. Recent fossil discoveries in China reveal myriad creatures of those ancient seas.)

Labrador, Newfoundland; the Tower of London; Afghanistan; the U.S. prairie; the Cambrian period.Map: Atlantic Canada.

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Price: $2.00 - Map alone (4 available)

National Geographic - September 1993, Vol. 184 No. 3

Czechoslovakia: The Velvet Divorce (Breaking up was peaceful for this 74-year-old central European nation of 16 million. Now Czechs and Slovaks face the challenge of shaping fledgling republics for a competitive world.)
The Pecos, River of Hard-won Dreams (From legendary Billy the Kid to modern sheriff “Punk” Jones, the Pecos breeds characters. Doing “whatever it takes” is how folks survive along this time line of New Mexico and Texas history.)
Wandering with India’s Rabari (Crisscrossing the countryside in the annual search for pasture, a caste of herders preserves traditions despite increased strains with villagers along the way.)
Britain’s Hedgerows (Modernized farming and simple neglect threaten Britain’s living fences. Will public concern succeed in rescuing hedgerows and the wealth of wildlife they shelter.)
Rain Forest Imaging, New Sensors Eye the Rain Forest: Data Gathering on the Belize Frontier (In a high-tech experiment, NASA aircraft surveyed the fragile lands of Belize. Sensors able to detect felled trees provided rich images, and hopes for global-monitoring missions.)

Czechoslovakia; the Pecos River; the Rabari of India; hedgerows in Great Britain; rain forest imaging.

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National Geographic - August 1993, Vol. 184 No. 2

Sweden: In Search of a New Model (Architects of a model welfare state, Swedes find their tidy world challenged by economic recession and immigrants behaving in decidedly un-Swedish ways.)
Bacteria: Teaching Old Bugs New Tricks (Vital to life, bacteria are the oldest, most abundant, and perhaps most useful organisms on earth. Today they star in everything from making headphones to cleaning up toxic wastes.)
Tibet’s Remote Chang Tang: In a High and Sacred Realm (The world’s newest top-rank nature reserve is a high, stark, windswept realm, an Arizona-size land that is home to lynxes, wild yaks, and Tibetan antelope.)
Tragedy Stalks the Horn of Africa (Behind the face of famine lies chronic warfare that has beset the Horn of Africa for generations. Can the beleaguered nations end the cycle of death that has already claimed millions?)
Untamed Treasure of the Cumberland River (Twenty years ago a boisterous branch of the Cumberland River named Big South Fork inspired the creation of a 100,000-acre preserve in Tennessee and Kentucky.)

Sweden; bacteria; Tibet; Africa's Cape of Good Hope; the Cumberland River and the Big South Fork National River and Recreational Area.

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National Geographic - July 1993, Vol. 184 No. 1

Double Map Supplement: Coastal California
New Zoos, Taking Down the Bars (Amid public clamor over the plight of animals, zoos are being transformed from menageries to modern arks. Innovative exhibits and breeding programs bring praise, and new concerns.)
Saving Siberia’s Tigers (Rescued by a Russian-U.S. study team, two orphaned tiger cubs find asylum at the Omaha zoo. Near Vladivostok the researchers fight to save the last habitat of the world’s largest cats.)
California’s North Face ( Grand convergence of ocean, mountain, and forest, northern California has everything but crowds. A double-sided map supplement on the entire states reveals its star qualities.)
Lightning, Nature’s High-voltage Spectacle (Striking the earth a hundred times each second, the torrent of electricity known as lightening can pack hundreds of millions of volts in a flash, energy that will likely remain forever beyond our reach.)
Cyprus: A Time of Reckoning (Long-standing rivalry between Turkish and Greek Cypriots threatens to erupt again on this sun-drenched Mediterranean island as the UN weighs cutbacks in it peacekeeping forces.)

NEW ZOOS; SIBERIA’S TIGERS; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; LIGHTNING; and, CYPRUS.

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National Geographic - June 1993, Vol. 183 No. 6

Chesapeake Bay, Hanging in the Balance (With oysters, crabs, rockfish, and the great estuary itself, at risk from overharvesting and pollution, the six states in its watershed struggle to save the bay.)
The Iceman: Lone Voyager From the Copper Age (Discovered by hikers high in the Alps, a 5,000-year-old mummy reveals startling clues about Europeans of the Copper Age.)
Silence of the Songbirds (A spring without birdsong? As human development spreads and avian habitat shrinks, many of the 200 species of migratory birds that nest in eastern North America continue to decline.)
Corn, the Golden Grain (Domesticated 7,000 years ago from a Mexican grass, corn sustained pre-Columbian civilizations, from Aztec to Zuni. Today corn products include toothpaste, fireworks, and garbage bags.)
Bangladesh: When the Water Comes (Time and again, cyclones hurl wind and water at the densely packed Asian nation, with tragic loss of life. Yet monsoon floods bring silt, a key to growing rice in one of earth’s largest deltas.)

Chesapeake Bay; iceman found frozen in the Alps; songbirds; corn; Bangladesh.

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National Geographic - May 1993, Vol. 183 No. 5

Central Park: Oasis in the City (The great green retreat in the heart of Manhattan offers pastoral landscapes that draw 15 million visitors each year. Since 1858 Central Park has been a model for bringing parks to city people.)
The Middle East’s Water: Critical Resource (Will water someday trigger war in the Middle East? The possibility exists, unless nations in the region set aside ancient animosities and cooperate to make use of adequate but dwindling supplies.)
America’s Beekeepers: Hives for Hire (Load the bees and hit the road. Key players in U.S. agriculture, migratory beekeepers roll with the season, renting out beehives to pollinate crops and reaping their own rich harvest of honey.)
Europe Faces an Immigrant Tide (Fleeing poverty or persecution, millions of immigrants from Africa, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe seek refuge in the West. But resentment and even violence make for an often bitter welcome.)
Mongolian Nomads: Past Becomes Future for (With the collapse of communism and central planning, nomadic herders return to their old ways. Leaving cradle-to-grave welfare behind, they ride unfamiliar terrain in a market economy.)

Middle East water supply; Central Park, New York; beekeepers; Immigration into Europe; Mongolian nomads.

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National Geographic - April 1993, Vol. 183 No. 4

Hurricane Andrew Aftermath (The costliest natural disaster in U.S. history, Hurricane Andrew spawned widespread devastation, and unshakable courage, in Florida and Louisiana. Survivors rebuild as scientists learn more about how hurricanes work.)
Cairo: Clamorous Heart of Egypt (In this swollen city of 13 million, people make their homes where they can, even in ancient tombs. Facing severe pollution and high unemployment, Cairenes somehow retain a sense of serenity.)
Arctic Trek, Alone Across the Arctic Crown (An Alaska outdoorsman recounts his epic Arctic trek through the Brooks Range. Traveling by sled, by canoe, and on foot, he endures blizzard, grizzly, frostbit, and 1,460 miles of grim isolation.)
Giant Crocodiles: Deadly Ambush in the Serengeti (When herds of migrating wildebeests drink from dwindling pools of Tanzania’s seasonal Grumeti River, the water turns red with blood: Before the herds move on, giant crocodiles feast on the calves and the careless.)
Mauritius: Island of Quiet Success (Shortchanged by nature and beset with social problems, this small Indian Ocean nation has turned itself around, thriving today with a vigorous economy, a democratic government, and a wealth of separate yet cordial cultures.)

Hurricane Andrew; Cairo, Egypt; Arctic trek; crocodiles in Tanzania; Mauritius.

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National Geographic - March 1993, Vol. 183 No. 3

Double Map Supplement: Former Soviet Union
After the Soviet Union’s Collapse: A Broken Empire
Russia: Playing by New Rules (Inflation, pollution, shortages, and unprecedented opportunities, mark the chaos that has followed the Soviet collapse.)
Kazakhstan: Facing the Nightmare (Emerging from Russian domination, Kazakhstan bears a horrible legacy: the consequences of Soviet nuclear testing.)
Ukraine: Running on Empty (Fiercely nationalistic, Ukraine warily eyes its worrisome neighbor, Russia, even as the two share remnants of Soviet military might.)
Easter Island Unveiled (Haunting stone statues scattered over this remote Pacific island are mute testimony to a 1,500-year-old culture that has been transformed by contact with the outside world.)
Ogallala Aquifer, Wellspring of the High Plains (The Ogallala aquifer, a remarkable subterranean water source, was once thought inexhaustible. Now it suffers from overuse, challenging the inventiveness of those who depend on it.)
Reclaiming a Lost Antarctic Base (An eight-man expedition restores the first permanent U.S. station in Antarctica. East Base, neglected since 1948, now stands as an international historic monument.)

Former U.S.S.R. Map, Soviet Empire, Easter Island, Ogallala Aquifer, Antarctic Base.

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Price: $2.00 - Map alone (3 available)

National Geographic - February 1993, Vol. 183 No. 2

Mekong River; Venus; pandas; South Africa; the Maya of Guatemala; Appalachia.

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National Geographic - January 1993, Vol. 183 No. 1

Dinosaurs Supplement, Dinosaurs, Wyoming, Money, Shell Money, Colca Canyon.

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National Geographic - December 1992, Vol. 182, No. 6

Double Map Supplement: The New Europe
Volcanoes: Crucibles of Creation (Horrific explosions from the underworld scorch the earth with liquid fire and block out the sun with ash. But these vehicles of destruction also gave birth to land, sea, and atmosphere.)
The Hard Ride of Route 93 (Take your tools and your time when you drive Highway 93 from Arizona to Alberta. The narrow lanes don’t forgive mistakes, and the off-beat folks you meet don’t ask many questions.)
Gatekeepers of the Himalaya (For decades the Sherpas of Nepal have aided foreign climbers on expeditions in their mountain realm. Now, as a tribute to their people, an all-Sherpa team has scaled Everest for the first time.)
Milan, Where Italy Gets Down to Business (Engine of one of the world’s most vigorous economies, workaholic Milan promises to ease Italy’s way within the new Europe. A double supplement map examines the changing face of the continent.)
Whale Sharks: Gentle Monsters of the Deep (Largest of fishes, these gentle monsters of the deep gather by the score each year to feed at a reef off Western Australia, but knowledge of their behavior remains elusive.)

volcanoes; U.S. Route 93; sherpas of Nepal; Milan, Italy; whale sharks.

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National Geographic - November 1992, Vol. 182, No. 5

The Sense of Sight (Our most remarkable and complex sense is also our most valued. Throughout the world, science is unlocking the mysteries of human vision and developing weapons against blindness.)
Eagles on the Rise (An innovative hatching program is helping the bald eagle, cherished symbol of freedom in the U.S., to reclaim its historical range in the Southeast.)
Portugal’s Sea Road to the East (Little kingdom with a mighty reach, Portugal carved the richest oceanic empire of the 16th century and left a lasting imprint throughout the Far East.)
Maya Heartland Under Siege (Slash-and-burn farmers fleeing hunger and poverty are chopping down the forests of Guatemala’s Peten, home to the ancient Maya. Scientists use satellites to monitor changes in the region.)
The Lure of the Catskills (Known for dairy farms, trout streams, and borscht belt resorts, New York’s scenic mountains struggle to cope with an ever increasing influx of flatlanders from New York City.)

The sense of sight; blindness; bald eagles in the U.S.; the Portuguese empire; the Maya in Guatemala; the Catskills in New York.

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National Geographic - October 1992, Vol. 182, No. 4

Double Map Supplement: Southwest USA
Our Disappearing Wetlands (Rich and complex ecosystems, wetlands reduce water pollution, alleviate flooding, and provide critical wildlife habitat. Yet the U. S. loses 300,000 acres of this natural resource each year.)
Geronimo (This charismatic Apache leader fought the relentless advance of settlers and entered history. A map supplement illustrates key sites in the cultural heritage of the Southwest.)
Hard Harvest on the Bering Sea (In a brutal struggle with the elements, Americans and Russians reap the wealth of the waters off their shores. Now other nations seeking a larger share of the catch threaten the fishery.)
Deep-sea Geysers of the Atlantic (Diving two and a half miles to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a U.S.-Russian expedition investigates mineral-rich hot springs, home to eyeless shrimp and source of the first pure gold found in the deep.)
The Bolshevik Revolution: EXperiment That Failed (Lenin’s Bolsheviks dreamed of creating the ideal society, but the communism born of their 1917 revolution proved as vulnerable to human imperfection as did the rule of the tsars.)

U.S. wetlands; Geronimo; Bering Sea; Atlantic geysers; the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.

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National Geographic - September 1992, Vol. 182, No. 3

Dolphins in Crisis (In the past decade millions of these intelligent marine mammals have been drowned in nets or poisoned by polluted waters. Now the world acts to protect them.)
Pushkin (Ushering in a golden age of literature, Russian’s beloved Alexander Pushkin has always been more than a poet to his countrymen.)
African Slave Trade: The Cruelest Commerce (Three and a half centuries of greed brought 10 to 12 million enslaved Africans to the Americas. Their descendants reach back to touch the horrific past.)
Minnesota Memoir: A Life Time of Lakes, Article and photographs by William Albert Allard (A native son returns to the lake country of his youth and finds once sleepy fishing camps yielding to upscale resorts. The walleyes still bite, but solitude is a rare catch.)
Mural Masterpieces of Ancient Cacaxtla (Vivid wall paintings unearthed in central Mexico depict gruesome sacrifices and mythical creatures, offering a glimpse of a long-lost culture of warrior merchants.)

dolphins; Alexander Pushkin, Russian poet; slave trade; Minnesota lakes; Cacaxtla murals in Mexico.

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National Geographic - August 1992, Vol. 182, No. 2

Double Map Supplement: South America
Main-Danube Canal: Linking Europe’s Waterways (What Charlemagne tried to engineer in A.D. 793 will come to pass next month, when Germany opens a 106-mile canal linking two great river systems. But many question its cost to the environment.)
Struggle of the Kurds (Saddam Hussein’s atrocities in northern Iraq have focused world attention on an ancient people seeking autonomy in their long-divided homeland.)
Denali, Alaska’s Wild Heart (A six-million-acre park and preserve contains North America’s highest peak, abundant wildlife, and a dilemma: How to plan for an expected tide of visitors?)
Paraguay: Plotting a New Course (On the heels of a 1989 military coup, this nation in the heart of South America is taking tentative steps toward democracy. A supplement map of the continent focuses on the imperiled Amazon basin.)
A Chinese Emperor’s Army for Eternity (More than 2,000 years ago Han emperor Jing Di took extraordinary measures to ensure his safe passage in the afterlife, as excavation of his burial site reveals.)

Kurds in Iraq; Main-Danube Canal in Germany; Denali National Park, Alaska; Paraguay; Chinese emperor's tomb from the Han dynasty.

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National Geographic - July 1992, Vol. 182, No. 1

America’s Third Coast (Arching along the Gulf of Mexico from the Everglades to the Rio Grande, 1,600 miles of U.S. coastline juxtaposes fragile salt marsh and heavy industry, condominiums and empty beaches.)
Mountain Lions: The Secret Life of America’s Ghost Cat (These elusive cats once ranged across the U.S. Decimated by overhunting and vanishing habitat, only 30 to 50 remain in the East. But in the West, mountain lions are making a comeback.)
Albania Opens the Door (Europe’s poorest country has emerged from nearly five decades of forced isolation under a repressive dictatorship. Now it must struggle to catch up.)
Pillar of Life (As a magnet draws filings, a wharf piling in the Chesapeake Bay attracts a bizarre multitude of marine organisms, from sea horses to shipworms.)
Under the Spell of the Trobriand Islands (Living in apparent bliss, the Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea deflect the outside world with mocking indifference. But how long will the magic last?)

Gulf Coast; mountain lions; Albania; life on a wharf piling in Chesapeake Bay; Trobriand Islands.

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National Geographic - June 1992, Vol. 181, No. 6

Lake Baikal, Russia; Sunset Boulevard; Bikini lagoon nuclear graveyard; Palestinians; Cuttyhunk, Massachusetts. Map: Pacific and Indian Ocean floors.

Double Map Supplement: Pacific and Indian Ocean Floors
Russia’s Lake Baikal: The World’s Great Lake (Russia’s Baikal is older, deeper, and more richly endowed with life than any lake on earth. But to Russians this Sacred Sea embodies even more than its superlatives.)
Sunset Boulevard: Street to the Stars (Hollywood hopefuls, struggling immigrants, and desperate run-aways all yearn for their big break along the famous Los Angeles street that serves as a backdrop for dreams.)
In Bikini Lagoon Life Thrives in a Nuclear Graveyard (Twenty-one World War II vessels, sunk by atomic tests in 1946, litter the seafloor of this Pacific atoll. The U.S. National Park Service proposes to turn the site into a marine park for divers.)
Who Are the Palestinians? (Scattered across the Middle East and beyond, a resilient and resourceful people follow diverse paths while sharing a common dream of world recognition.)
Cuttyhunk Seasons (A tiny island off the coast of Massachusetts drowses through the winter to the delight of its 30 residents, then awakens in summer to a noisy invasion of visitors.)

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National Geographic - May 1992, Vol. 181, No. 5

India's wildlife; solar eclipse; gardening in the U.S.; Georgia (Asia); DNA.

India’s Wildlife Dilemma (growing numbers of poverty-stricken farmers compete for land with diverse wildlife species, threatening the future of India’s unique natural heritage.)
The Great Eclipse (Last July the shadow from a total solar eclipse passed directly over Hawaii’s Mauna Kea Observatory, giving astronomers an unprecedented look at normally invisible features of the sun.)
The Gift of Gardening (More popular than golf or fishing, gardening is America’s best loved hobby. From city roof garden to backyard vegetable patch, the growing of plants soothes the mind and feeds the soul.)
Georgia Fights for Nationhood (As resilient as their age-old vineyards, citizens of the former Soviet republic face bloody ethnic strife and political turmoil in their reach for democracy under their own flag.)
DNA Profiling: The New Science of Identity (With technology that pinpoints individual differences at the molecular level, scientists locate disease-causing genes and tie the guilty to their crimes.)

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National Geographic - April 1992, Vol. 181, No. 4

The Making of Canada Map Supplement: British Columbia
The New World of Spain (Preserving the best of its illustrious past, Spain moves to the frenetic tempo of the 1990s as it claims full partnership in the European Community.)
Blackwater Country (With the outside world closing in on the cypress-studded Okefenokee, old-time swampers in this Georgia-Florida borderland are becoming an endangered species.)
The Simpson Outback (Edging Australia’s driest desert, cattle stations stretch to the size of countries while towns are little bigger than a pub. Scattered residents treat one another like family.)
Vancouver, Good Luck City (Canada’s doorway to Pacific trade, the mountain-rimmed port welcomes an influx of foreign investors and Asian immigrants. A map supplement highlights the heritage of British Columbia.)
Captives in the Wild (Isolated within Tanzania’s Ngorongoro Crater, a sizable lion population appears healthy but is, in fact, severely inbred; researchers assess the animal’s prospects.)

Spain; Blackwater country, Florida/Georgia; Simpson Outback, Australia; Vancouver; lions in Tanzania.

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National Geographic - March 1992, Vol. 181, No. 3

Apes and Humans: A Curious Kinship (From awe to indifference, caring to cruelty, contradictions mark our attitudes toward our closest animal relatives, the great apes: orangutans, chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas.)
Bonobos: Chimpanzees with a Difference (Round only in the tropical forest of Zaire and declared a separate species in 1933, bonobos, or pygmy chimpanzees, display decidedly unchimpanzee-like behavior.)
Douglas MacArthur: An American Soldier (It’s the orders you disobey that make you famous. So said the flamboyant, controversial general who strode to a place in history by flouting convention.)
Sacred Peaks of the Andes (Ceremonial platforms atop 20,000-foot peaks yield Inca silver, gold, and mummified human remains, sacrifices to local deities. Even today peoples of the high Andes worship the mountain gods.)
Lake Tahoe, Playing for High Stakes (Will tight controls on land use save the famed blue waters of this Sierra Nevada lake, already inundated with casinos, subdivisions, and vacationers? Place your bets.)

Apes and humans; Bonobos (pygmy chimps; Douglas MacArthur; the Andes; Lake Tahoe.

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National Geographic - February 1992, Vol. 181, No. 2

Double Map Supplement: Spain in the Americas
Alcohol, the Legal Drug (People have long turned to alcohol to celebrate life’s pleasures and dull its pains. Scientists grapple with the mysteries of the drug’s often destructive power.)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: The Preventable Tragedy (Each year thousands of women who drank during pregnancy bear babies with irreversible alcohol-related defects.)
The Great Soviet Exodus (Soviet Jews flood into Israel, chasing dreams of freedom and the good life. After a warm welcome, most face the cold reality of scarce jobs and housing.)
Eastern Wildlife, Bittersweet Success (Bears on the back porch, alligators in the parking lot: The comeback of adaptable species creates unforeseen problems for suburbanites and wildlife managers.)
Pizarro, Conqueror of the Inca (Forty years after Columbus, an illiterate Spanish soldier won glory crushing the Inca of Peru. A supplement map illustrates transatlantic exchanges after 1492.)
Persian Gulf Pollution: Assessing the Damage One Year Later (As fire fighters snuffed out Kuwait’s burning wellheads, researchers probed the thousand-mile-long plume that the fires generated for almost a year.)

Alcohol, the legal drug; Soviet EXodus (of Jews to Israel); eastern wildlife; Francisco Pizarro; Persian Gulf oil fires.

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National Geographic - January 1992, Vol. 181, No. 1

Search for Columbus (What forces shaped Columbus and spurred him to brave treacherous seas to seek the Indies? Old manuscripts hold a key to the mystery of the great mariner.)
La Isabela, Europe’s First Foothold in the New World (Columbus’s first New World town was abandoned after only five years, doomed by dissension, disease and famine.)
Africa’s Skeleton Coast (Sustained by desert springs and Atlantic fog, an unlikely group of plants and animals cling to a thin line of survival in Namibia.)
Miami (Immigrants have converted a sleepy, southern city into a vibrant metropolis. But Miami simmers as ethnic groups compete for the American dream.)
U.S.S. Macon: Lost and Found (In 1935 a 785-foot Navy dirigible crashed off California. A fisherman’s catch leads sleuths to the Macon’s murky resting-place.)
Last Refuge of the Monk Seal (Counting success one animal at a time, wildlife biologists on distant Hawaiian atolls work to save the rare and reclusive monk seal from extinction.)

Christopher Columbus; La Isabela, Hispaniola; Skeleton Coast, Namibia; Miami, Florida; U.S.S. Macon (airship); monk seals.

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National Geographic - December 1991, Vol. 180, No. 6

Double Map Supplement: World War II
Ibn Battuta, Prince of Travelers (In an epic adventure that lasted three decades, a 14th century Muslim scholar roamed 75,000 miles through Africa and Asia, one of the world’s great journeys of exploration.)
Pearl Harbor: A Return To The Day Of Infamy (Fifty years after the surprise attack that drew the United States into World War II, American and Japanese survivors share recollections of that fateful day. A map supplement details key events in the global conflict.)
Rain Forest Canopy (Costa Rica): The High Frontier (Penetrating a little-known realm more than a hundred feet up in the trees, scientists are unlocking secrets of plants and animals that never touch ground.)
Australia’s Magnificent Pearls (Farming oysters in the nutrient-rich tides off their north west coast, Australians produce lustrous South Sea treasures, the world’s largest cultured pearls.)
Pittsburgh, Stronger than Steel (Former king of steel, Pittsburgh paints on a bright new face with riverside parks, high-tech laboratories, and gleaming corporate headquarters, yet vibrant old neighborhoods endure.)

World War II; Ibn Battuta; Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; rain forest canopy; Australian pearls, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

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National Geographic - November 1991, Vol. 180, No. 5

Zaire River: Lifeline for a Nation (Market, clinic, and moving van, a flotilla of barges carries 5,000 passengers on a thousand-mile journey through the African nation of Zaire.)
Japan’s Sun Rises Over the Pacific (From TV factories in Thailand to golf courses in Australia, investors from the world’s largest creditor nation spread prosperity to a rapidly industrializing region.)
Alaska Highway: Wilderness Escape Route (A World War II military road hacked out of the frigid wilds of Canada and Alaska has become Main Street to a community of adventurers and dreamers.)
Wetas: New Zealand’s Insect Giants (Little changed in 200 million years, wingless insects called wetas grow to the size of mice.)
Satellite Rescue (Grabbed from the brink of a fiery fate by the shuttle Columbia, a travel-scarred satellite promises to solve many mysteries about he environment of space.)

Zaire River, Japan, Alaska Highway, Insect Giants, Satellite Rescue.

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National Geographic - October 1991, Vol. 180, No. 4

Double Map Supplement: Native American Heritage
1491 America Before Columbus (Voices: Indian Perspectives) (For thousands of years before the “discovery” of the New World, scores of peoples and cultures flourished in North America. In this issue we take a close look at some of them, on the eve of cataclysmic change. A double map supplement illustrates the heritage of Native Americans.)
Origins: Through Tewa Eyes (In the beginning… A Tewa recounts his origin myth.)
The Land They Knew: A Portfolio (A portfolio of the country as Native Americans saw it.)
Ozette: A Makah Village in 1491 (Where whalers were chiefs and songs prized possessions.)
Etowah: A Southeast Village in 1491 (In the Southeast, nobles, town, and sacred mounds.)
Otstungo: A Mohawk Village in 1491 (Of Mohawk longhouses, legends, and women’s key roles.)
Pueblo: Search For the Ancient Ones (Tracing a Southwest culture 2,000 years old.)
Rubies and Sapphires (Dazzling even in industrial uses, crystals of corundum sparkle brightest as popular gemstones. Most pour through Thailand before reaching the world market.)
Lord Howe Island: Australian Haven in a Distant Sea (Named a world heritage site in 1982, this volcanic remnant in the Tasman Sea east of Australia is a refuge for rare flora and fauna.)

America in 1491 (before Columbus); Native American culture; rubies and sapphires; Lord Howe island, Australia. (M) includes map, Native American Heritage

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National Geographic - September 1991, Vol. 180, No. 3

Double Map Supplement: Germany
The Morning After: Germany Reunited (Wrenched apart after World War II, Germany is again one nation. But the merger of diverse political and economic systems is challenging the ingenuity of the German people. A double supplement map highlights historical and cultural attractions.)
All Eyes on Jumping Spiders (They leap on unsuspecting prey in midair. They boast wee-all panoramic vision. They are the remarkable jumping spiders, one of the most colorful and acrobatic families of arachnids.)
A New Kind of Kinship (Organ and tissue donors save thousands of lives each year and make possible innovative research aimed at combating disease. But demand is great, and more donors are urgently sought.)
Maya Artistry Unearthed (Beneath pyramid ruins at Copan in Honduras, temples yield offerings unseen for 1,400 years, including clay figurines and flaked stonework of incomparable craftsmanship.)
A Shameful Harvest: America’s Illegal Wildlife Trade (Seeking trophy heads, souvenirs, and profits, poachers are attacking our country’s wild animal populations. Undercover operations catch a few violators, but the siege threatens to become a slaughter.)

Germany; jumping spiders; medical donors; Maya art in Honduras; U.S.illegal wildlife trade.

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National Geographic - August 1991, Vol. 180, No. 2

After the Storm (Spilled oil sullies the Persian Gulf and shrouds of smoke from blazing wells turn day to night in the aftermath of the gulf war. Cleanup has begun, but battle scars will mark the environment for decades.)
"The Best Idea America Ever Had" (The U.S. National Park Service, 75 years old this month, guards 357 significant sites. Dedicated men and women tend threatened wildlife and injured hikers, spot poachers, and reclaim forest, while facing an unending tidal wave of visitors.)
Our Electric Future: A Comeback for Nuclear Power? (As demand rises for more electricity, and for more nuclear safe-guards, the nuclear industry unveils designs for reactors said to be safer and more economical.)
Cuba at a Crossroads (A last bastion of Marxism-Leninism, Cuba skirts economic collapse, but Caribbean rhythms of life continue to pulse on this island of tropical beauty.)
L’Enfant’s Washington (Two hundred years ago a French architect envisioned a gracious new capital for the infant United States. His plan left an indelible imprint on Washington, D.C.)

Persian Gulf; national parks; nuclear power; Cuba; Pierre L'enfant, Washington, D.C. architect.

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National Geographic - July 1991, Vol. 180, No. 1

Double Map Supplement: China
Beneath Arctic Ice: Life at the Edge (As the sun returns to the Canadian Arctic each spring, the sea ice breaks up, whales and birds return to breed, and seafloor life proliferates in an explosion of color.)
Docklands: London’s New Frontier (In the largest urban-renewal project in Europe, the transformation of a derelict waterfront on the Thames leaves longtime residents both hopeful and skeptical.)
Remembering the Blitz (A Londoner looks back to the eight-month siege when, as a 16-year-oldd, he watched Hitler’s bombers devastate his city in the early days of World War II.)
The Wyeth Family: American Visions (Illustrator N.C. Wyeth turned a Pennsylvania farm into a private fantasy world for his children. With varied brushstrokes his gifted offspring honor his legacy.)
China’s Youth Wait for Tomorrow (Although intimated by Tiananmen Square and its aftermath, the young people of China continue to dream of freedom and a better life. A supplement map explores 7,000 years of Chinese civilization.)

The Wyeth family (painters); beneath Arctic ice at Baffin Island; London docklands; the WWII Blitz on London; youth-led pro-democracy demonstrations in China.

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National Geographic - June 1991, Vol. 179, No. 6

Water and The West: The Colorado River (Increasing demand and persistent drought have drawn down the reservoirs of the Colorado River system, a critical water source for seven states and part of Mexico.)
East Europe’s Dark Dawn: The Iron Curtain Rises to Reveal a Land Tarnished by Pollution (Nations freed from decades of communist rule and unrestricted industrialization confront a harrowing legacy: air, water, and land deadened by pollution.)
Secrets of Animal Navigation (How does a bird migrate to a destination it has never seen, a salmon return to the stream where it was spawned? Scientists search for the internal compass and map that guide such long-distance journeys.)
The Wonderland of Lewis Carroll (Behind the celebrated pen name was the shy Oxford mathematician Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, who stepped through the looking-glass with his character Alice to create classic stories for children>)
Bats, The Cactus Connection (To the Sonoran Desert’s lesser long-nosed bats, cactus flowers and fruits are irresistible. To the cactus, the bats are irreplaceable, as pollinators and seed dispersers.)

Colorado River; pollution in East Europe; animal navigation; Lewis Carroll; bats and cacti (cactuses).

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National Geographic - May 1991, Vol. 179, No. 5

Elephants: Out of Time, Out of Space (The international ban on ivory trade has reduced poaching, but in both Africa and Asia the largest land mammal faces the long-term danger of dwindling habitat.)
Chicago: Welcome to the Neighborhood (Chicago, home to 80 ethnic groups, is a checkerboard of distinct communities that form a whole greater than the sum of its parts.)
Bhutan, Kingdom in the Clouds (Three decades after opening to the outside world, this Himalayan kingdom hoards its wild beauty while enforcing codes to protect its culture.)
Iraq: Crucible of Civilization (Civilization and warfare evolved in the Tigris and Euphrates Valleys, today’s Iraq, where great empires rose, then crumbled to dust.)
Once and Future Landfills (Digging deep into garbage, researchers seek to solve the problem of mounting waste, and uncover surprising facts about what’s in our landfills and how long it lasts.)

Chicago; Bhutan; ancient Iraq; archaeology of landfills; elephants.

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National Geographic - April 1991, Vol. 179, No. 4

Ramses the Great (Egypt’s most celebrated pharaoh, Ramses II held power for 66 years, leaving behind gigantic monuments to himself from the Nile Delta to Abu Simbel.)
Computer Rebuilds the Ancient Sphinx (With high-tech imaging and historical detective work, experts re-create the appearance of the enigmatic Egyptian colossus in the days of Ramses II.)
A Season in the Minors (Winning fans to its homespun joys and sorrows, minor-league baseball enjoys a comeback, reaffirming the sport as one of America’s national pastimes.)
The World’s Food Supply at Risk (Genetically uniform plants with high yields are susceptible to large-scale crop failure. Scientists race to rescue wild relatives that could save the food supply of the future.)
Falcon Rescue (More and more peregrines soar over California, but are they out of danger? Eggs with thin shells and high toxin levels in adult birds lead biologists to take a closer look.)
EXtremadura: Cradle of Conquerors (The harsh rangeland of western Spain, whose conquistadors set out for the New World 500 years ago, struggles to keep today’s youth at home and traditions intact.)

Pharaoh Ramses II; the Sphinx; minor-league baseball; world food supply; perefrine falcons of California; the EXtremadura region of Spain.

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National Geographic - March 1991, Vol. 179, No. 3

The Making of Canada Map Supplement: Quebec
Dispatches from Eastern Europe (From the Baltic to the Black Sea, countries freed from decades of communist rule struggle toward democracy, amid outpourings of elation… and violence.)
Charting the Splendors of Lechuguilla Cave (With its immense chambers and astonishing formations, a recent find in New Mexico is the Grand Canyon of the underworld.)
Montreal, Spirited Heart of French Canada (Montrealers lead the movement for a separate Quebec. A Making of Canada map supplement traces the history of the province.)
Eye to Eye with the Giant Octopus (To dive with the Pacific giant octopus is to learn about a gentle creature that can weigh 50 pounds and is as savvy as a house cat.)
Along the Santa Fe Trail (The 900-mile-long trail that served as meeting ground for Anglo, Hispanic, and Indian cultures in the 1800s thrives with new adventurers and preservationists.)
The Hard Way to the North Pole (Crossing crevasses, pressure ridges, and open water, two Norwegian skiers reach the North Pole without being resupplied.)

Quebec; Eastern Europe; Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico; Montreal; giant octopus of British Columbia; the Santa Fe trail, New Mexico; North Pole trek.

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National Geographic - February 1991, Vol. 179, No. 2

Double Map Supplement: Middle East
Mother Russia on a New Course (In the heartland of the old empire, the Russian “soul” is reemerging, with long-suppressed voices demanding to be heard.)
Allies in the Deep (International cooperation reaches the ocean depths as Soviet scientists invite Americans to join pioneering submersible missions.)
California’s Harvest of Change (Problems of urbanization, water coasts, and pesticides jostle for attention in the fertile Central Valley, the nation’s cornucopia.)
In Memoriam: Thomas W. McKnew and Melvin M. Payne, by Gilbert M. Grosvenor (The Chairman of the Society remembers two predecessors whose dedication helped shape the organization.)
The Eloquent Surma of Ethiopia (A little known pastoral people cling to tradition in the desolate reaches of Ethiopia.)
Hong Kong Countdown to 1997 (As reunification with China draws closer, the people of the British crown colony look ahead with hope… and uncertainty.)
Hong Kong: Plight of the Boat People (Seeking freedom and a new life, refugees from Vietnam endure confinement in Hong Kong camps.)

the Middle East; Russia; U.S.-Soviet ocean dives; California; the Surma of Ethiopia; Hong Kong; Vietnam refugees in Hong Kong.

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National Geographic - January 1991, Vol. 179, No. 1

Land & Sea: The Mystical Faces of Northwest Australia
Journey into Dreamtime: The Land of Northwest Australia (Vast and little known land of extremes, from dessert gorges to tropical coasts, northwestern Australia is home to a mere 89,000 rugged residents.)
The Sea Beyond the Outback: The Coast of Northwest Australia (Encountering 35-foot tides, groupers the size of Volkswagens, and gentle dugongs, among the most elusive of marine mammals, author and photographer explore remote Australian waters.)
Masters of Traditional Arts (Each a guardian of a folk art, from Appalachian storytelling to Irish dancing, these National Heritage Fellowship recipients exemplify the best of traditional culture in the United States.)
Patagonia Puma: The Lord of Land’s End (The big cats of Chile’s desolate south are radiotracked, photographed, weighed, and measured to help scientists learn more about these magnificent predators.)
The Disease Detectives: Stalking the World’s Epidemics (New diseases such as AIDS evolve constantly; old ones persist. Stalking devastating outbreaks around the glove, epidemiologists seek clues to stop their spread.)

Northwest Australia; U.S. folk art; pumas of Patagonia, Chili, disease detectives.

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National Geographic - December 1990, Vol. 178, No. 6

Double Map Supplement: Africa (A double supplement combines a political map of the continent with a graphic survey of threatened wildlife species and their shrinking ranges.)
Botswana: A Gathering of Waters and Wildlife: Photographic Essay By Frans Lanting (Nature photographer Frans Lanting offers provocative images, in both words and pictures, of the life and landscape of the “great thirstland.”)
Okavango Delta: Old Africa’s Last Refuge (Stretching across northwestern Botswana, the liquid lifeline of the Okavango River ensures the survival of countless wildlife species. Big-game hunting of that renewable resource, though controversial, provides much-needed income. Douglas B. Lee and Frans Lanting report on the efforts of a nation trying to balance its unique natural heritage with today’s economic realities.)
Modern Botswana, the Adopted Land (Fortune has favored this young nation, whose immense diamond deposits were discovered shortly after independence in 1966. A tradition of democracy boosts its chances for success in a politically turbulent continent. Arthur Zich and photographer Peter Essick meet the people of Botswana, from native Bushmen to new patriots from abroad.)
The Peales: America’s First Family of Art (Charles Wilson Peale inspired a new nation, and his own gifted children, with his portraits of statesmen and his promotion of natural history, art, and science. Otto Friedrich traces his expansive life and legacy. Photographs by Kevin Fleming.)
Mexico’s Bajio, The Heartland (Geographic and historic center of Mexico, these high, fertile plains were both the source of wealth for imperial Spain and the stage for rebellion against her. The flavor of colonial days survives here despite the intrusive influence of U.S. industry and an expanding population, report Charles E. Cobb. Jr., and photographer Danny Lehman.)

Africa; Botswana; Okavango; Peale family artists; the Bajio plains of Mexico.

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National Geographic - November 1990, Vol. 178, No. 5

The Baltic Nations (After 50 years of Soviet domination, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania struggle to regain their lost sovereignty. Their newly elected leaders face the twin challenges of repairing ravaged lands and economies and restoring trust in government. Priit J. Vesilind reports, with photographs by Larry C. Price.)
Erie Canal: Living Link to Our Past (Traffic is down on the “ditch” that once bustled with barges and packets crisscrossing New York State, but dreams are alive in the towns along its banks. Joel L. Swerdlow and photographer Bob Sacha follow the canal’s slow pace, relishing the optimism that is its trademark.)
Six Across Antarctica: Into the Teeth of the Ice (In July 1989 men from six nations set out on foot to traverse the greatest breadth of Antarctica. More than seven months and 3,700 miles later, having endured unimaginable hardship and near tragedy, they succeeded. Veteran explorer and team co-leader Will Steger recounts their experiences. Simultaneously two other adventurers, Reinhold Messner and Arved Fuchs, ski a shorter route across the frozen continent.)
Kingdom of Kush (Some 3,500 years ago Kushites in present-day Sudan adopted the religion and customs of their Egyptian conquerors. Then in one of history’s great reversals they conquered Egypt itself. Archaeologist Timothy Kendall describes remarkable finds at the Kushite capital of Napata and its sacred mountain, Jebel Barkal. Photographs by Enrico Ferorelli.)
New Atlas EXplores a Changing World (Society President Gilbert M. Grosvenor announces the sixth edition of the National Geographic Atlas of the World, a world that is witnessing a transformation of political boundaries unparalleled since World War II. High-resolution satellite images mark this expanded volume.)
A Love Affair with Maps: Seventy-Five Years of Cartography (As the Society’s Cartographic Division celebrates 75 years of exploring the “round earth on flat paper,” its chief, John B. Garver, Jr., traces the evolution of mapmaking at the National Geographic.))

Baltic nations; Erie canal; Steger's Antarctic trek; Kush (Sudan); new world atlas.

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National Geographic - October 1990, Vol. 178, No. 4

Japan’s Suruga Bay: In the Shadow of Mount Fuji (In the shadow of Mount Fuji, a little-explored harbor holds an amazing array of sea life. Using the latest underwater technology, photographers David Doubilet and Emory Kristof and marine biologist Eugenie Clark plumb its mysteries to depths of 7,000 feet.)
The Cajuns: Still Loving Life (With a history of exile and exclusion stretching back to the 1750s, these descendants of Nova Scotia’s Acadians have developed a unique and enduring culture in south Louisiana. Today they watch with amusement as their spicy folkways are commercialized from New York to San Francisco as “Cajun chic.” Griffin Smith, Jr., and photographer William Albert Allard capture their joie de vivre.)
Under the Sun: Is Our World Warming? (Earth’s atmosphere isn’t what it was a hundred years ago: Carbon dioxide, up by 25 percent, methane, CFCs, and other gases are adding to the greenhouse effect. Is global temperature rising as a result? How will our long-term climate be affected? Samuel W. Matthews seeks answers to these urgent questions. Photographs by James A. Sugar.)
Mali’s Dogon People: Below the Cliff of Tombs (In the unyielding landscape of Africa’s Sahel, the Dogon guard the rituals that have sustained them for centuries. Carrying their dead high into the cliffs, they reverently reuse the burial caves of an earlier people. By David Roberts, with photographs by Jose. Azel.)
A Raft Atop the Rain Forest (Lowered by dirigible onto the tropical canopy of French Guiana, a huge raft offers an international team of scientists an unprecedented bird’s eye view of the diverse life in a vanishing realm. Team leader Francis Halle reports, with photographs by Raphael Gaillarde.)

Suruga Bay, Japan; Cajuns of Louisiana; global warming; the Dogon of Mali.

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National Geographic - September 1990, Vol. 178, No. 3

Special Places of the World: New York City (A Special Places of the World supplement charts Broadway’s course through Manhattan and beyond, detailing historic landmarks, distinctive neighborhoods, and population characteristics of New York City.)
Track of the Manila Galleons (For two and a half centuries Spain’s great merchant sailing ships plied the Pacific Ocean, connecting a far-flung empire. Historian Eugene Lyon traces this trade route between Acapulco, Mexico, and the distant Philippines. Photographs by Sisse Brimberg and paintings by Robert E. McGinnis.)
Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion (Spanish Galleon) (On September 20, 1638, one of the largest vessels of its day, heavy-laden with precious cargo, foundered in gale off the Northern Mariana Islands. William M. Mathers recounts the saga of the doomed ship and his team[s successful effort to salvage it. Photographs by Sisse Brimberg.)
Broadway, Street of Dreams (Stretching the length of Manhattan before reaching into the suburbs, 21-mile-long Broadway encompasses the glamorous and sometimes harsh realities of life in New York City. Rick Gore and photographer Jodi Cobb encounter both dreams and nightmares along this legendary thoroughfare.)
New Life for Ellis Island (Echoing with the footsteps of the millions of immigrants who passed through its portals, the Main Building of Ellis Island in New York Harbor reopens as a museum after a multimillion-dollar restoration. By Alice J. Hall, with photographs by Joe McNally.)
Immigration Today: For New York’s newest, the dream still lives. (From more than a hundred nations. 90,000 immigrants arrive in New York City each year, still the foremost gateway for Fledgling Americans and microcosm of the effects of changing immigration policies, Alice Gall reports. Photographs by Pam Spaulding.)
Endangered Old-Growth Forests (Falling to the chain saw at the rate of 170 acres a day, the virgin woodlands of the Pacific Northwest, with their dependent communities of plants and wildlife, have become a battleground for loggers and environmentalists. As the world decries the destruction of rain forest in the tropics., Rowe Findley and James P. Blair find American’s asking, “Will we save our own?”)

New York City Map, Manila Galleons, Concepcion, Broadway, Ellis Island, Forests.

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National Geographic - August 1990, Vol. 178, No. 2

Special Double Supplement: The Solar System (The Solar System, a double supplement, plots the course of the planets and presents detailed portraits of our celestial neighbors.)
Changing Images of the Northwest Passage (Over six summers, ethnographer John Bockstoce traversed a 3,500-mile Arctic route between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in a 60-foot research vessel. He reports that mining, oil and gas exploration, and military operations are profoundly affecting the native people along the often ice-choked water. Photographs by Richard Olsenius. Canada; Eskimos; Inuit; Northwest Passage; Whaling.)
Neptune: Voyager’s Last Picture Show (The wonders of the eighth planet from the sun thrilled even seasoned scientists and made Voyager 2’s final close encounter one of its most amazing. Rick Gore recounts the excitement as experts at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory interpret images of Neptune, and its moon Triton arriving from three billion miles away.)
Voyage of the Century (Their mission to explore the outer solar system accomplished, the twin spacecraft Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 have headed for the stars. With newly enhanced images team member Bradford A. Smith chronicles their adventure.)
Philadelphia’s African Americans: A Celebration of Life (Old traditions find joyous expression in Philadelphia’s inner city. Photographer Roland L. Freeman shares his long commitment to recording preservation and change in an urban culture.)
Yugoslavia: A House Much Divided (The nation that has pursued a separate destiny outside the Soviet sphere fights economic depression and strives to forestall a civil war rooted in ancient hatreds. Kenneth C. Danforth and photographer Steve McCurry explore a troubled country. Bosnia-Hercegovina, Yugoslavia; Croatia, Yugoslavia; Kosovo Province, Yugoslavia; Macedonia, Yugoslavia; Montenegro, Yugoslavia; Serbia, Yugoslavia; Slovenia, Yugoslavia.)
The Plant Hunters: A Portrait of the Missouri Botanical Garden (This leading center for tropical botanical research has expanded its mission to educating the world about the effects of rain forest destruction. Boyd Gibbons and photographer James P. Blair report.)

Solar System Supplement, NW Passage, Voyager, African Americans, Yugoslavia, Garden.

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National Geographic - July 1990, Vol. 178, No. 1

Long Journey of the Pacific Salmon (Returning to their riverine birthplaces to spawn and die, Pacific salmon face dangers beyond hungry eagles and Indian nets. Commercial fleets, multiple dams, and the effects of clear-cut logging take an increasing toll. Jere Van Dyk and photographer Natalie Fobes study the prospects for seven prized species.)
The Timeless Mystique of Emeralds (Coveted by kings and commoners alike for thousands of years, these green gems are still wrested from the earth, cut, and polished mostly by hand. And some are still transported the old-fashioned way, by smuggling, says author-photographer Fred Ward, who tracks their journeys around the world.)
Hawaii’s Volcanic Cradle of Life (High on the slopes of volcanoes that gave birth to these islands, ferns spout in lava cracks and spiders spin webs in the molds of incinerated trees, models of adaptation. Biologist William H. Amos shows how a handful of microscopic life-forms arriving by chance from distant lands have exploded into a diversity of species found nowhere else.)
South Florida Water: Paying the Price (Once shunned as mosquito-infested swampland, the watery wilderness of south Florida has been drained, dredged, and diked for farms and cities. But these spectacular feats of engineering have wreaked havoc on the environment, according to Nicole Duplaix. Photographs by Kevin Fleming.)
Florida’s Coral Reefs Are Imperiled (Formed by tiny marine organisms called polyps, coral reefs take centuries to grow, and only years to decay. Water pollution and damage by careless boaters and divers threaten their survival. For three decades, author-photographer Fred Ward and photographer Ferry Greenberg have witnessed the deterioration of the reefs along the Florida Keys.)

Pacific salmon; emeralds; volcanos of Hawaii; south Florida; coral reefs of Florida.Price:

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National Geographic - June 1990, Vol. 177, No. 6

The Moche of Ancient Peru: New Tomb of Royal Splendor (A mud-brick pyramid complex in northern Peru has yielded another astonishing find of gold and silver buried with a Moche lord nearly 2,000 years ago. Project director Walter Alva and photographer Nathan Benn record the trove of priceless artifacts.)
Masterworks of Art Reveal a Remarkable Pre-Inca World (Who were the Moche, these builders of pyramids and irrigation canals, these metal craftsmen and potters of surpassing artistry? Archaeologist Christopher B. Donnan examines these ancient Americans and their achievements. With photographs by Nathan Benn.)
Modern-day Echoes of Peru’s Past (Along Peru’s northern coast Michael E. Long and Nathan Benn discover the past and the present intermingled in activities from curing ceremonies to boatbuilding.)
Austin: Deep in the Heart of Texans (Texas-raised Elizabeth A. Moize returns to the capital of the Lone Star State to learn why most Austinites, despite the city’s recent economic slump, would live nowhere else on earth.)
The World’s Smallest Bird (Weighing less than a penny, the bee hummingbird of Cuba is easily mistaken for its namesake insect. Esther and Robert Tyrrell photograph this threatened species for the first time.)
Greenways: Paths to the Future (A grass-roots movement to thread the U.S. with greenways for walkers, bikers, and wildlife is one answer to a growing problem: How to keep our increasingly urbanized population connected with the natural World. By Noel Grove, with photographs by Phil Schermeister.)
Dominica, Difficult Paradise (The most mountainous of Caribbean islands harbors one of the world’s last oceanic rain forests. Yet the wet climate and rocky shores have hindered the flow of tourists, and money, to this impoverished nation, report Robert Booth and photographer Bruce Dale.)

the Moche of Peru; Austin, Texas; bee hummingbird; greenways in the U.S.; Dominica.

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National Geographic - May 1990, Vol. 177, No. 5

Africa’s Great Rift (Slashing from the Red Sea to Mozambique, an immense system of faults cuts deep across the face of East Africa, creating a landscape of extremes. Limnologist Curt Stager reports on varied environments in this geologically active area. Photographs by Chris Johns.)
The Living Jewels of Lake Malawi (Southernmost of the great lakes of Africa’s rift system, Malawi boasts more fish species than any other lake in the world. Ichthyologist Peter Reinthal and photographer Bill Curtsinger document the bizarre life-styles of unique and colorful species.)
Growing Up in East Harlem (Amid the poverty and epidemic drug use of New York City’s el barrio, Spanish Harlem, Jere Van Dyk discovers a stubborn streak of optimism. Photographs by Joseph Rodriguez.)
California Earthquake: Prelude to the Big One? (Sixty-three people died in last October’s catastrophe, and more than 28,000 buildings were damaged or destroyed. But the quake released only a sixtieth the energy of that in 1906, and Californians ponder what may lie ahead. Thomas Y. Canby examines the lessons offered, including prediction and the building of safer structures.)
India’s Maha Kumbh Mela Draws Millions: Sacred Space, Sacred Time (At a time determined by astrologers, about once every 12 years, millions of Hindus throng to the confluence of the Ganges and the Yamuna Rivers for India’s largest religious festival. Writer-photographer Tony Heiderer witnesses this ritual of purification, the largest periodic gathering of people on our planet.)
Searching for India: Along the Grand Trunk Road (The highway built by the British in the mid-1800’s from Calcutta to Peshawar follows a route laid down over the centuries. Like Rudyard Kipling, who earlier traveled this way, Harvey Arden encounters all castes and kinds of men. Photographs by Raghubir Singh.)

Great rift valley in Africa; Lake Malawi; East Harlem, New York; earthquake; India's Maha Kumbh Mela; the grand trunk road in India.

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National Geographic - April 1990, Vol. 177, No. 4

Antarctica: A Land of Isolation No More (Earth’s coldest, driest, most remote, most desolate continent, once the exclusive domain of explorers and scientists, now draws jet-set and cruise-ship tourists. Bryan Hodgson examines the scientific research there and the controversies revolving around tourism, mineral exploitation, and water and atmospheric pollution.)
Japanese Women (Unsung heroines in their nation’s success story quietly bolster the “salarymen” most often credited with Japan’s economic miracle. Traditionally, excluded from public positions of influence, women wield significant power within the household. Though some Japanese women are assuming key roles in business and politics, many still view marriage and motherhood as the highest aspiration, writes Deborah Fallows. Photographs by Karen Kasmauski.)
A Personal Vision of Vanishing Wildlife (A cheetah glimpses through a grating, a manatee lolling at poolside, a circus panda seated toylike on a chair. Photographer James Balog confronts us with an unusual gallery: startling portraits of individuals in captivity that may be among the last of their species.)
Berlin’s Ode to Joy (For 28 years the symbol of Cold War hostility, the wall dividing East and West Berlin has come tumbling down. Its destruction signaled a surge toward freedom as East Europeans took to the streets. They demand reform from the hard-line communist governments installed by Stalin after World War II and supported by the Soviets ever since, until now. Priit J. Vesilind witnesses the elation of the reunited Berliners. Photographs by David Alan Harvey and Anthony Suau.)

ANTARCTICA; JAPANESE WOMEN; VANISHING WILDLIFE; and, BERLIN, GERMANY.

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National Geographic - March 1990, Vol. 177, No. 3

Double Map Supplement: Soviet Union (A double supplement outlines the ethnic diversity of the Soviet Union and highlights the geography, people, and events that have shaped its history.)
Siberia: In from the Cold (Like a warming wind, glasnost, openness, sweeps across the Soviet Union’s vast outback, and Siberians in unprecedented numbers speak out against the misuse of their rich storehouse of natural resources. From journalists to reindeer herders to local officials, they seek more control over the environment and destiny of this frontier, an area slightly larger than the United States. Mike Edwards and photographer Steve Raymer report.)
Last Days of the Gulag? (As the Soviets dismantle their notorious “correctional” labor camps and open their prison system to greater scrutiny by the world, French writer Jean-Pierre Vaudon and photographer Pierre Perrin visit Perm 35, a camp in the Ural Mountains.)
The Gulag Remembered (From 1928 to 1953 Joseph Stalin sent millions to Soviet labor camps, where millions perished. Mike Edwards describes the brutal system, known by its Russian acronym gulag, and speaks to survivors.)
The Golden Hoard of Bactria (After a decade of excavating an Afghan hillsides, Soviet archaeologist Viktor Ivanovich Sarianidi in 1978 unearthed a trove of gold jewelry and other artifacts buried in 2,000-year-old graves; here he presents a selection of these masterpieces. With photographs by Leonid Bogdanov and Vladimir Terebenin.)
America’s Ancient Skywatchers (Strange drawings on a desert floor, oddly aligned stone columns, a peculiar trough carved beneath a small window… what do they mean? John B. Carison, a specialist who weds archaeology to astronomy, looks to the cosmos for answers to some age-old puzzles. Photographs by Bob Sacha.)
The Enigma of Time (While most of us are obsessed with keeping track of it, scholars debate what time actually is. John Boslough and photographer Bruce Dale tell the story of a concept that we think we understand until we try to define it.)

Soviet Union; Siberia; the gulags; bactrian gold hoard; ancient astronomers; time.

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National Geographic - February 1990, Vol. 177, No. 2

Between Monterey Tides (Monterey Bay, a spectacular crescent in the central California coast, conceals a submarine chasm as vast as the Grand Canyon. Here an upwelling of cool, nutrient-rich water sustains great kelp forests and marine creatures from anemones to sea otters. Rick Gore joins biologists who seek to unlock the mysteries of this intricate ecosystem. Photographs by Jonathan Blair, David Doubilet, and Emory Kristof.)
Athapaskans Along The Yukon (Their ancestors crossed the Bering land bridge to occupy Alaska’s interior: fishing, trapping, and hunting game there for thousands of years. Now Athapaskans find their traditional life-style increasingly challenged by the snowmobile, the oil rig, and the commercial fishery, as Brad Reynolds and photographer Don Doll report.)
The Aral: A Soviet Sea Lies Dying (In 30 years the Aral Sea has lost 40 percent of its surface area and 66 percent of its volume, primarily to the demands of irrigation. William S. Ellis and photographer David Turnley assess an environmental tragedy brought on by economic development in the U.S.S.R.)
Common Ground, Different Dreams: The US-Canada Border (Geography has made us neighbors; history has made us friends, said President John F. Kennedy. Now the U.S. Canada Free Trade Agreement has made both nations pay more attention across the world’s longest undefended border. Priit J. Vesilind and photographer Sarah Leen plumb the complex affections and misunderstandings between the neighbors.)
Chestnuts: Back From the Brink (Victim of blight, the American chestnut tree has all but vanished from the eastern forests of the United States since 1900. M. Ford Cochran and photographer Gary Braasch chronicle the efforts to save the trees that remain and the breed new resistant strains.)

Monterey Bay of California; Athapaskans of the Yukon; the Aral Sea of the Soviet Union; the U.S. - Canada border; American chestnuts.

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National Geographic - January 1990, Vol. 177, No. 1

Double Map Supplement: Atlantic and Artic Ocean Floors (The first of a new map series portrays in vivid three-dimensional paintings the latest knowledge from decades of seafloor exploration.)
Alaska’s Big Spill: Can the Wilderness Heal? (When the supertanker EXxon Valdez ran aground last March 24, spewing 11 million gallons of crude oil into Prince William Sound, some feared that the pristine waters would never recover. Bryan Hodgson assesses the worst tanker spill in U.S. history and a six-month, billion-dollar cleanup effort. Photographs by Natalie Fobes.)
New Evidence Places Peary at the Pole (Eighty years after Robert E. Peary reported he had reached the North Pole, his claim was still disputed. To settle the controversy, the National Geographic Society commissioned the Navigation Foundation to make a comprehensive study of the expedition’s documents, photographs, and navigation techniques. Foundation president Rear Adm. Thomas D. Davies presents compelling evidence that Peary did, in fact, reach the Pole.)
The Kremlin and Its Treasures (Jon Thompson and photographer Cary Wolinsky win entry to once closed corridors, tracing the history of the Kremlin from a 12th century fort to palatial center of Soviet government and ceremony. With a photographic portfolio (pages 82-92) of the dazzling art and trappings of tsarist Russia housed in the Kremlin.)
Nest Gatherers of Tiger Cave (In dark cares of Thailand, generations of men have risked their lives to obtain a prized commodity: edible bird’s nests, essential ingredient of a traditional Chinese soup. Eric Valli and Diane Summers photograph the Thai in their precarious pursuit.)
Dance of the Electronic Bee (Recently developed, a tiny robot honeybee programmed by computer communicates to living bees information about distant sources of nectar. The mechanical marvel can even deliver a sample of sugar water to prove its point. Photographs and text by Mark W. Moffett.)

Alaska oil spill; Peary's north pole trek; treasures of the Kremlin in Moscow; edible bird's nests; robot honeybees.

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Price: $4.50 - VG ( map IS NOT included)